Java Statements (Definition, Types and Examples)

Statements are similar to sentences in the English language. A sentence forms a complete idea which can include one or more clauses. Likewise, a statement in Java forms a complete command to be executed and can include one or more expressions. In simpler terms, a Java statement is just an instruction that explains what should happen. Types of Java Statements Java supports three different types of statements: Expression statements  change values of variables, call methods, and create objects.Declaration statements  declare variables.Control-flow statements  determine the order that statements are executed. Typically, Java statements parse from the top to the bottom of the program. However, with control-flow statements, that order can be interrupted to implement branching or looping so that the Java program can run particular sections of code based on certain conditions. Examples of Java Statements //declaration statement int number; //expression statement number 4; //control flow statement if (number 10 ) {   Ã‚  //expression statement   Ã‚  System.out.println(number is less than ten); }

More Machine Now Than Man Free Essays

string(152) " after a first hearing; in sentiment so innocent that the heart of the most susceptible maiden would not quicken by a beat a minute at the sound of it\." Laura Frost, in her essay â€Å"Huxley’s Feelies: The Cinema of Sensation in Brave New World,† states that â€Å"Brave New World has typically been read as â€Å"the classic denunciation of mass culture in the interwar years†Ã¢â‚¬  (Frost 448). This is true to an extent, as Frost points out. The novel explores the effects of mass culture and the implementation of eugenics and mass education to serve an industrialized society of consumption. We will write a custom essay sample on More Machine Now Than Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aspects of culture, such as the arts, have been reduced to pleasure seeking, and the population as a whole is kept within the machine of culture by means of pharmaceuticals. Much of this vision is drawn from Huxley’s experiences during the interwar period and for that reason, an exploration of his reactions to mass culture and his philosophy of culture prove useful in understanding the novel. This essay will be exploring Brave New World according to Huxley’s reactions to the culture of the 1920s and the early 1930s, especially to aspects of mass culture, consumerism and scientific and technological approaches to human growth and reproduction. Huxley wrote a number of essays in the late 1920s and early 1930s that deal with these issues and several of these serve as the primary focus of this essay. â€Å"Prophecies of the future,† writes Huxley in a 1927 essay, â€Å"if they are to be intelligent, not merely fantastic, must be based on a study of the present. The future is the present projected† (â€Å"The Outlook for American Culture† 187). This sentiment must be taken to heart if one is then to read a prophetic book by the author of the quote. Aldous Huxley was living and writing during the so-called â€Å"Jazz Age,† an age of increasing commercialism, consumerism and mechanization. The age saw a massive boost in the production of consumer goods and technologies, idealized in the streamlined assembly lines of Henry Ford, which provided goods for consumption, but demanded a larger worker class to fuel the boom. The further development of mass culture, thanks to the growth of music and film industries, was spurned by this growth in the working classes. Aldous Huxley’s novel is, at least to a degree, a product of this present. Consumerism and materialism are central to Brave New World; any work that features Henry Ford as a god figure would surely have to be. Huxley writes in 1931: The God of Industry supplies his worshipers with objects and can only exist on condition that his gifts are gratefully accepted. In the eyes of an Industriolater, the first duty of man is to collect as many objects as he can (â€Å"On the Charms of History† 131). Huxley acknowledges that capitalists and industrialists need people to want the stuff produced. He argues that Ford, to whom Huxley refers rather sarcastically as â€Å"the saint of the new dispensation,† and other industrialists have no choice but to hate history, literature, the arts and others because all these â€Å"mental activities†¦ distract mankind from an acquisitive interest in objects† (131-132). The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning in the opening section of the novel speaks of how mental activities in the lower classes, in this case a Romantic notion of nature, are discouraged in the hyper-consumerist society in Brave New World: A love of Nature keeps no factories busy. It was decided to abolish the love of nature, at any rate among the lower classes; to abolish the love of nature but not the tendency to consume transport†¦ We condition the masses to hate the country†¦ but simultaneously we condition them to love all country sports. At the same time we see to it that all country sports shall entail the use of elaborate apparatus. So that they consume manufactured articles as well as transport (23). The goal in the society of the novel is to adhere to what Huxley argues is the first duty of man to industrialists, owning and using the goods produced by industry. Every aspect of the World State is crafted to maintain production and/or to encourage consumption. Those aspects of culture that occupy surplus time, the time spent not producing, have two functions: the consumption of material or the sedation or comforting of the producer so that he or she will continue to produce. The latter function is expressed by the Twentieth-Century theorist, Theodore Adorno. Shane Gunster, in his book Capitalizing on Culture: Critical Theory  for Cultural Studies, summarizes Adorno’s theory involving this idea of â€Å"free-time† Bored by the endless repetition of the assembly line or sales counter, people want novelty in their leisure time†¦ While leisure masquerades as ‘free-time,’ it is an open secret that its true purpose is to replenish one’s working energies†¦ Work and leisure are bound together in an unholy alliance: the culture industry openly celebrates its independence from production, selling its products as ‘freedom’ from the drudgery of the everyday, all the while secretly delivering its consumers ever-deeper into the clutches of a world from which they so anxiously desire to escape (Gunster 42-43). This theory of the â€Å"culture industry,† feeding the consumer with entertainment during free-time so that the work will not suffer, is the driving force behind the Fordian culture that Huxley writes about in the 1920s and 30s and satirizes in Brave New World . Adorno, whose major works were not written until the Second World War, is analyzing a reality of mechanized society and mass culture that Huxley wrote of years before. As a writer during the â€Å"Jazz Age,† Huxley would bear witness to the rise of commercial music as the record industry created a popular music that Huxley viewed in a negative light. In a 1925 essay on music, Huxley describes a piece of popular music: There is a certain jovial, bouncing, hoppety little tune with which any one who has spent even a few weeks in Germany†¦ must be familiar. Its name is â€Å"Ach, du lieber Augustin. † It is a merry little affair in three-four time; in rhythm and melody so simple, that the village idiot could sing it after a first hearing; in sentiment so innocent that the heart of the most susceptible maiden would not quicken by a beat a minute at the sound of it. You read "More Machine Now Than Man" in category "Papers" Rum-tiddle, Um tum tum, Um tum tum†¦ By the very frankness of its cheerful imbecility the thing disarms all criticism. (Collected Essays 173) Huxley finds this example of popular music simplistic and moronic, not even worth a real critique. He continues on the subject by comparing the tune to an eighteenth-century waltz of the same name and to all music prior to the mid-Nineteenth century: The difference between â€Å"Ach, du lieber Augustin† and any waltz composed at any date from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards, is the difference between one piece of music almost completely empty of emotional content and another, densely saturated with amorous sentiment, languor and voluptuousness. (173) Huxley then expands his critique to criticize all contemporary popular music as lacking the meaningful emotional content that was, he feels, characteristic of all pre-mid-nineteenth-century popular music. In his essay â€Å"The Music Industry,† published in 1933, the year after Brave New World’s publication, Huxley writes about the short life-span of popular music and declares his era as â€Å"an age of rapid technical progress, and the desire for incessant novelty is a natural product of environmental change† and adds that the tendency for novelty increases consumption and is therefore, â€Å"encouraged by manufacturers† (â€Å"The Music Industry† 101). The music show that Lenina and Henry attend towards the beginning of the novel echoes Huxley’s fears from â€Å"The Music Industry† regarding the need for novelty in popular culture. The advertisements for the show â€Å"invitingly† declare it, in all-capital letters, â€Å"LONDON’S FINEST SCENT AND COLOR ORGAN. ALL THE LATEST SYNTHETIC MUSIC† (BNW 76). There is an emphasis placed on the â€Å"latest,† favoring that novelty which fuels consumption. Again there is an echo in Adorno. Gunster looks at an essay Adorno published titled â€Å"On Popular Music†: On the one hand, he argues, the ‘fundamental’ property of popular music is that it is unremittingly standardized: ‘every detail is substitutable; it serves its function only as a cog in a machine’†¦ On the other hand, marketability demands that repetition be hidden beneath the illusion of individuality, difference, and novelty (Gunster 24). Adorno’s â€Å"culture industry† is again reflected in the popular music. His descriptions of popular music are very similar to way Huxley describes popular music as simplistic and standardized. Likewise, both acknowledge that the culture industry markets its goods to consumers based on supposed novelty. Within Brave New World, Huxley’s critique of popular music comes through in his descriptions of the music of the World State. The music, like the example song Huxley described from Germany in 1925, is cheerful, with simple, formulaic, verses and chorus reeling with meaningless phrases and clichà ©. An excellent example of this is the Solidarity Hymn of â€Å"Orgy-porgy† Orgy porgy, Ford and fun, Kiss the girls and make them One. Boys at one with girls at peace; Orgy-porgy gives release. (BNW 84) This song not only contains little real meaning, a critique that Huxley aims at all popular music, but also contains, as most music in the novel does, strong sexuality. In that same essay on popular music, Huxley is critical of what he calls a â€Å"certain vibrant sexuality† of popular music describing it as â€Å"vulgar,† â€Å"savage† and â€Å"barbaric† (Collected Essays 174-175) and maintains that the sexuality and barbarism are pervasive: Whether, having grown inured to such violent and purely physiological stimuli as the clashing and drumming, the rhythmic throbbing and wailing glissandos of modern jazz music can supply, the world will ever revert to something less crudely direct, is a matter about which one cannot prophesy. (175) This description of the clashing drums and glissandos certainly is echoed in the scene wherein Lenina and Henry watch â€Å"Calvin Stopes and His Sixteen Sexaphonists† with the sexaphones (clearly a play on one of staples of jazz music, the saxophone) â€Å"wail[ing] like melodious cats† with moaning tenors and altos â€Å"as though the little death were upon them. † (BNW 76). The implication is that of sex and orgasm in music form: Aldous Huxley’s vision of jazz music taken to the extreme of â€Å"purely physiological. † This critique of mass music is also repeated in a supposed alternative to mass culture, the â€Å"Savage Reservation.† Huxley, at the time of writing the novel, had never been to New Mexico, in spite of the fact that his friend D. H. Lawrence owned a ranch there beginning in 1924. Peter Firchow, in his essay â€Å"Wells and Lawrence in Brave New World† writes that the fact troubled Huxley, but quotes the author as having done â€Å"’an enormous [amount] of reading up on New Mexico’† since he had not yet been there (Firchow 272). Huxley relied on Lawrence’s writings about the Pueblo Indians as well as Smithsonian reports of the place (Firchow 272-273). In spite of of his relative inexperience with historical New Mexican native cultures, Huxley creates a culture for the Pueblo and, in doing so, creates one that is at times incredibly similar to World State. Lenina draws comparison between the drums of the Pueblo religious dancing to the music of the Solidarity Service hymns in the World States â€Å"religion† of Fordism. Lenina liked the drums. Shutting her eyes she abandoned herself to their soft repeated thunder, allowed it to invade her consciousness more and more completely, till at last there was nothing left in the world but that one deep pulse of sound. It reminded her reassuringly of the synthetic noises made at Solidarity Services and Ford’s Day celebrations. â€Å"Orgy-porgy,† she whispered to herself. The drums beat out just the same rhythms (BNW 113). Here we have a sexual response to music as Lenina abandons herself and allows the music to take her, in spite of it coming from a foreign place and culture. The drums here are strikingly reminiscent of the way that Huxley describes the Jazz and popular music of the 1920s. He talks about how popular culture has â€Å"grown inured to such violent and purely physiological stimuli as the clashing and drumming† and this he attributes to the influence of â€Å"barbarous people† (Collected Essays 175). By supplying the Indians and the mass culture of the world state with similar music, music that Huxley himself finds void of real emotion, he is equating the two cultures intellectually. The Reservation within Huxley’s novel becomes a mirror to the World State culture, an echo of Huxley’s fear of growing barbarism in popular culture. There are some points of contrast between the two. For instance, materials in the reservation are made by the individuals and are valued enough to be repaired rather than replaced as is the expectation in the World State when, say, an article of clothing becomes worn out. There is a passage on labor wherein John is working clay and through this action he becomes â€Å"filled with an intense, absorbing happiness† (BNW 134). However, these differences are superficial. There is still a value placed on productivity just as in the World State. John is made happier and feels more a part of his culture when he is allowed to work the clay. Just as the World State has the Community sings to promote â€Å"Community, Identity and Stability†, religion of the pueblo serves a function for productivity. John explains the whippings that Lenina and Bernard witness as being â€Å"For the sake of the pueblo – to make rain come and corn grow.† Adherence to religion provides Stability and Community for the Indians. To further the comparison between the Savage culture and the World State, Huxley gives the Indians their own drug, mescal, to help cope with life just as soma does the job for the World State citizens. Similarly, John’s position within, or rather without, the Pueblo society is similar to Bernard’s position within the World State culture. Both are outcasts for their appearances and therefore both seem more alone than the others; â€Å"If one’s different, one’s bound to be lonely. They’re beastly to one† (137). This mentality mirrors the values of Community and Identity contained within the World State’s motto. Identify as an individual and you are hurting the community; â€Å"when the individual feels, the community reels† is what Lenina recites, which is most likely some hypnopaedic verse (94). These characteristics, exemplified most clearly by the music of the two cultures, show that the reservation society is not a true alternative to the degradation of culture prevalent in the World State; it is just many of the same processes in a different form and to a different extent. A second form of mass culture within the World State is the â€Å"feelies. † Laura asserts that â€Å"[t]he ‘feelies’, a cinema of titillating, pansensual stimulation, are clearly a response to the ‘talkies,’† and that Huxley is extending the inclusion of sound in film to the rest of the senses (Frost 447). Huxley’s reaction to the â€Å"talkies,† specifically to the first â€Å"talkie† The Jazz Singer, expressed in an essay titled â€Å"Silence is Golden† is, as Frost points out, one of â€Å"scorn and fury† (Frost 443). He is absolutely disgusted by the film as he writes: Oh, those mammy-songs, those love-longings, those loud hilarities! How was it possible that human emotions intrinsically decent could be so ignobly parodied? I felt like a man who, having asked for wine, is offered a brimming bowl of hog wash. And not even fresh hog wash. Rancid hog wash, decaying hog wash. (â€Å"Silence is Golden† 21) He sees in film the same degeneration of human emotion and integrity that he sees in popular music. That the first â€Å"talkie† he saw was about a singer of popular music only solidified his dislike and in the end he feels â€Å"ashamed for [himself] for listening to such things, for even being a member of the species to which these things are addressed† (â€Å"Silence is Golden 23). The feelies in Brave New World are described in similar fashion as Huxley’s description of The Jazz Singer. The film that John and Lenina see, â€Å"Three Weeks in a Helicopter,† is described as having an â€Å"extremely simple† plot, with the real focus placed on the effects of the movie, as with the â€Å"famous bearskin†¦ every hair of which could be separately and distinctly felt† (168). The images and effects come off as â€Å"more solid-looking than they would have seemed in actual flesh and blood, far more real than reality† just as Huxley, whose vision had worsened following an eye infection during his teenage years, described the images in the â€Å"talkie† A beneficent providence has dimmed my powers of sight, so that, at a distance of more than four or five yards, I am blissfully unaware of the average human countenance. At the cinema, however, there is no escape†¦ Nothing short of total blindness can preserve one from the spectacle. The jazzers were forced on me; I regarded them with fascinated horror. (â€Å"Silence is Golden† 21) â€Å"More solid-looking† than real life is exactly the reaction Huxley had to seeing the film, since the real world was not that solid to him because of his impaired vision. Frost accepts that Huxley is at least â€Å"half feigning† his reactions to the films (Frost 443) but she points to a moment in Huxley’s â€Å"Silence is Golden† when he condemns film as â€Å"the latest and most frightful creation-saving device for the production of standardized amusement† (â€Å"Silence† 20). The standardization of amusement is what frightens Huxley, be it in music or film or in literature. In his fictionalized culture, these devices for amusement standardization are taken to the extremes. They are â€Å"more than human,† more real than reality at the same time that they are void of substance. The subject of substance within art is brought to the foreground in the conversation between John and Mustafa Mond in the later parts of Brave New World. The Controller argues, â€Å"You’ve got to choose between happiness and what people used to call high art,† and he concludes â€Å"We’ve sacrificed the high art s. We have the feelies and the scent organ instead† (BNW 220). There is a hierarchy wherein pleasure replaces the need for aesthetics. John responds by stating that the â€Å"feelies† and the other elements of mass culture in the World State do not mean anything. Mond then replies that these things â€Å"mean a lot of agreeable sensations to the audience† (221). The feelies are horrifying to John because the end result is not knowledge of the human condition, but rather pleasure seeking. And in the world of hyper-pleasure, it is difficult to find anything on which to base meaningful art. That is the problem Helmholtz Watson struggles with: â€Å"writing when there’s nothing to say† (221). In an essay from 1923, Huxley writes â€Å"The poetry of pure sensation, of sounds and bright colors, is common enough nowadays; but amusing as we may find it for the moment, it cannot hold the interest for long† (Collected Essays 93). One can easily draw comparison to the â€Å"feelies† and the music of the World State here as something that amuses but that fails to, as John or even Mustafa Mond might say, mean anything beyond itself. The inclusion of Helmholtz Watson brings up another issue of mass culture, namely the place, if there is one, for the intellectual or the artist within mass culture. Towards the end of the novel, Bernard and Helmholtz are to be sent to an island. Mustafa Mond speaks of Bernard’s fate He’s being sent to an island. That’s to say, he’s being sent to a place where he’ll meet the most interesting set of men and women to be found anywhere in the world. All the people who, for one reason or another, have got too self-consciously individual to fit into community-life. All the people who aren’t satisfied with orthodoxy, who’ve got independent ideas of their own. Every one, in a word, who’s any one (BNW 227). This is a clear separation between the intellectual free-thinkers and the mass population. As Mond points out, there is no room in the World State for individuality and the search for truth and meaning since â€Å"truth’s a menace. † He concludes by adding that Ford himself did a great deal to shift the emphasis from truth and beauty to comfort and happiness. Mass production demanded the shift. Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t (228). In the movement towards mass culture, artists and intellectuals, like the aspiring poet Helmholtz Watson, and individualists have no place. In a 1929 essay Huxley raises this question of the possibility for the individual in a mechanized state Is it possible for a human being to be both a man and a citizen of a mechanized state? Is it possible to combine the material advantages which accrue to those living in a mechanized world with the psychological advantages enjoyed by those who live in pre-mechanical surroundings? Such are the questions which future politicians will have to ask and effectively answer in terms of laws and regulations. What sort of answers will they give? Who knows? Not I at any rate. I am even a little doubtful whether the questions are answerable (â€Å"Machinery, Psychology, and Politics† 221). Huxley sees the war between individual and the industrialized state but provides no solutions to this issue and even has doubts whether the issue will ever be resolved. In his novel he has the rulers simply separate those that become too individualistic from the mass-minded because they are dangerous to the sedated, pleasure-driven masses. Furthermore, Huxley fears that through mass education, those intellectuals might be eliminated. In a 1927 essay titled â€Å"Education† Huxley writes on the defects of Mass education Under the present system of mass education by classes too much stress is laid on the teaching and too little on active learning. The child is not encouraged to discover things on his own account. He learns to rely on outside help, not on his own powers, thus losing intellectual independence and all the capacity to judge for himself. The over-taught child is the father of newspaper-reading, advertisement-believing, propaganda-swallowing, demagogue-led man†¦ (â€Å"Education† 205-206) This analysis of mass education makes the learner dependent upon the system, which Huxley sees as fueling advertising and propaganda. Huxley wrote in 1929 on the effects of mass education on society We have had universal education for about fifty years; the supply of [Isaac] Newtons, however, has not perceptibly increased. Everybody, it is true, can now read – with the result that newspapers of an unbelievable stupidity and baseness have circulations of millions. Everybody can read – so it pays rich men to print lies wholesale. Everybody can read so men make fortunes by inventing specious reasons why people should buy things they don’t really want (â€Å"The New Salvation† 212-213). Huxley’s view on mass education is that it does not better society. No more geniuses are to be found in a wholly educated society as in a partially educated one. The effect in his mind is that capitalists have more means through which they can influence people into desiring and buying the goods they produce. His obvious prejudices and elitism aside, the note about separate newspapers that target certain intellectual class levels of society is reflected in the various periodicals aimed at the classes of the World State like The Delta Mirror or The Gamma Gazette. The process is taken one step further in Brave New World by having the education system emphasize the value of consumption of goods, rather than that consumption value being pushed by the writers of the newspapers as Huxley wrote about in 1929. Consumerism is more standardized. Education is not the only means of control of the masses employed to maintain production, the population itself is in the management of the state. The populous is bred systematically in a process much like that of a Fordian assembly line: using bottles and genetic manipulation instead of the natural process of human reproduction. With the bottling, the creation of the sterile â€Å"free-martins† and the rigid implementation of contraceptives like the â€Å"Malthusian belts,† the population of the world is entirely in control of the industrialized state. This culture also employs scientific methods such as â€Å"Bokanovsky’s Process† and Pavlovian conditioning to carefully craft a society of rigid castes. The function of education is to teach the members of those castes their respective roles and the roles of others and the necessity of these roles in the greater context. This process of industrialized reproduction makes raising and educating citizens much easier for the World State since they can begin that conditioning during the embryonic stage of production. Additionally, the levels of society, the castes alpha through gamma, can be predetermined and separated strictly. Education is begun at the fetal level, thanks to hypnopaedia, saving time. Since reproduction is standardized and contained wholly within a factory, the leaders of the mechanized society do not have to wait until a semblance of character starts to show in people to condition them towards a certain way of life; the genetics do that for them. This process reflects Huxley’s views of the potential of science from his 1930 predictive essay â€Å"Babies – State Property.† He writes Psychologists having shown the enormous importance in every human existence of the first years of childhood, the state will obviously try to get hold of its victims as soon as possible. The process of standardization will begin at the very moment of birth – that is to say, if it does not begin before birth! (231). He goes on to predict that this process of standardization at or before birth will be destructive to the family. But, unlike in his novel, he predicts that the family â€Å"will emerge again when the danger is past† (231). This careful selection of genetic material is the idea of eugenics, a term that is hard to separate from the fascists of the 1930s and 1940s, especially the National Socialists in Germany. Prior to that period though, Huxley often expounded on the ideas of eugenics. In a 1927 essay called â€Å"A Note on Eugenics† Huxley expresses a common fear of the time period that scientific and technological processes were preserving â€Å"physically and mentally defective individuals† and that the quality of human reproduction was diminishing (â€Å"A Note on Eugenics† 281) In her essay â€Å"Designing a Brave New World: Eugenics, Politics and Fiction,† Joanne Woiak addresses this subject by writing â€Å"[Huxley’s] ongoing support for so-called race betterment was typical of left-leaning British intellectuals in the inter-war period† (Woiak 106). Huxley’s own feelings on the subject seem mixed. Also in 1927, Huxley wrote an essay dealing with the subject of equality and democracy We no longer believe in equality and perfectibility. We know that nurture cannot alter nature and that no amount of education or good government will make men completely virtuous and reasonable, or abolish their animal instincts. In the Future that we envisage, eugenics will be practiced in order to improve the human breed and the instincts will not be ruthlessly repressed but, as far as possible, sublimated so as to express themselves in socially harmless ways (â€Å"The Future of the Past† 93). He continues to predict that education will not be the same for everyone and that this education system will teach â€Å"the members of the lower castes only that which is profitable for the members of the upper castes that they should know† (93). Huxley is arguing that the nineteenth-century ideals of democracy and universal equality are not a reality and predicts a future of selective reproduction and a defined caste system based on genetic stock. Brave New World certainly reflects this prediction; eugenics policies have been implemented but there are certainly instinctual processes, like violent passions, that have to be expressed in â€Å"socially harmless ways† – the Violent Passion Surrogates. But that sort of hope-filled view of the possible benefits of eugenics is not wholly what is at work in Huxley’s Brave New World. In that 1927 prediction, the intellectuals control the selective processes for determining the caste system. However, in 1932, the year of Brave New World’s publication, Huxley returns to the issue of eugenics by writing that â€Å"The humanist would see in eugenics an instrument for giving to an ever-widening circle of men and women those heritable qualities of mind and body which are, by his highest standards, the most desirable† (â€Å"Science and Civilization† 153). This is in line with his earlier views on the possible benefits of eugenics. But Huxley acknowledges that it might not be the humanist that is in charge of the process. But what of the economist-ruler? Would he necessarily be anxious to improve the race? By no means necessarily. He might actually wish to deteriorate it. His ideal, we must remember, is not the perfect all-around human being, but the perfect mass-producer and mass-consumer. Now perfect human beings probably make very bad mass-producers. It is quite in the cards that industrialists will find, as machinery is made more foolproof, that the great majority of jobs can be better performed by stupid people than by intelligent ones (154). This is the society of Brave New World. As Mustafa Mond puts it, â€Å"The optimum population†¦ is modelled [sic] on the iceberg – eight-ninths below the water line, one-ninth above† (BNW 223). The population, as mentioned earlier, is conditioned to consume and to produce, and the eugenics policy helps create the society can perform the necessary tasks. Taken that way, the novel seems to be a satire and condemnation not of eugenics, but of eugenics run by the industrialist to create masses of dumber humans to buy and consume stuff. This then returns the mind to Huxley’s 1927 prediction of eugenics and those instincts that have to be expressed in â€Å"socially harmless ways† (â€Å"The Future of the Past† 93). Realizing the necessity for emotion, they employ â€Å"Violent Passion Surrogates† to â€Å"flood the whole system with adrenin† in order to satisfy what Mustapha Mond calls â€Å"one of the conditions of perfect health† (Brave New World 239). In short they are simulating the dangers of life in a safe and systematic way. Freedom of sex covers the sexual instincts and has the benefit also of providing pleasure during free-time. One of the greatest forces of keeping the workers producing is through the drug soma. â€Å"The perfect drug†¦ Euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly hallucinant†¦ All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of the defects† (BNW 53-54). Soma is the release and the reward for the obedient mechanized worker of the world state. Combined with the â€Å"feelies† and all the other aspects of mass culture in the World State, soma helps keep the society in order by keeping the workers pleased. â€Å"Industrial civilization,† as Mustafa Mond puts it, â€Å"is only possible when there’s no self-denial. Self indulgence up to the very limits of imposed hygiene and economics. Otherwise the wheels stop turning. † (BNW 237). As with eugenics, Huxley’s writings on drug use varied, especially following the Second World War with his explorations into psychedelic drugs in The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. But even around the time of Brave New World’s publication he often was writing on drug use. In 1931 he addressed the issue of drug as an escape in a brief essay titled â€Å"Treatise on Drugs† Everywhere and at all times, men and women have sought, and duly found, the means of taking a holiday from the reality of their dull and often acutely unpleasant existence. A holiday out of space, out of time, in the eternity of sleep or ecstasy (â€Å"A Treatise on Drugs† 304). For Huxley, drug use seems inevitable. This holiday is certainly mirrored in Brave New World. â€Å"The cause of drunkenness and drug-taking is to be found in the general dissatisfaction with reality,† he writes in a 1932 essay titled â€Å"Poppy Juice,† an essay talking about the effects of drug policing. But Huxley continues by including the sort of people that might not be dissatisfied with life and the possibility of drug use among them. Alcohol and drugs offer means of escape from the prison of the world and the personality. Better and securer conditions of life, better health, better upbringing, resulting in more harmoniously balanced character, would do much to make reality seem generally tolerable and even delightful. But it may be doubted whether, even in Utopia, reality would be universally satisfying all the time. Even in Utopia people would pine for an occasional escape, if only from the radiant monotony of happiness (â€Å"Poppy juice† 317). This idea of people using drugs to escape monotonous Utopia seems one of the probable reasons for soma’s pervasiveness in the World State. The hypnopaedic chorus â€Å"A gramme is better than a damn† reflects those moments when reality might not wholly satisfy; rather than cursing the situation, just take soma to escape on holiday. But escapism is not the only use of soma. Or rather, the effect of escapism soma has is not just beneficial for the individual. John Hickman, in his essay â€Å"When Science Fiction Writers Used Fictional Drugs: Rise and Fall of the Twentieth-Century Drug Dystopia,† writes that â€Å"[The] use of the recreational drug soma is one of several aspects of dehumanization made possible by the scientific expertise wielded by amoral elites† (Hickman 144). Whether or not the industrialists of Brave New World are â€Å"amoral† is beyond the scope of this essay. Nonetheless, Hickman’s point about the dehumanizing effects of soma remains true. The drug is used by the World State to keep the masses in check. One of the hypnopaedic lessons Lenina recites is â€Å"Was and will make me ill†¦ I take a gramme and only am† (BNW 104). The sentiment here is that thinking of past occurrences or having ambitions or fear does not help, and that soma can help keep you in the present. There is no need for rebellion or trying to better one’s position if soma can take the individual out of the negative moments. The lack of downside and the steady stream of governmental supply of soma ensure that the citizens are kept in a pleasure-filled world so that they might continue to produce and consume more. Hickman concludes, based on those later novels by Huxley and on the comparison with the mescal used in Pueblo society, that Huxley is not against drug use â€Å"as a more direct route to spiritual development, but was instead opposed to recreational drug taking that would render a population docile† (Hickman 145). In the 1931 â€Å"Treatise on Drugs†, Huxley was dreaming of a super soma-like drug when writing about the history of drugs and how all of the drugs present in the world are â€Å"treacherous and harmful†: The way to prevent people from drinking too much alcohol, or to becoming addicts to morphia or cocaine, is to give them an efficient but wholesome substitute for these delicious and (in the present imperfect world) necessary poisons†¦ The man who invents such a substance will be counted among the greatest benefactors of suffering humanity (â€Å"Treatise on Drugs† 304-305). Huxley’s perfect drug was achieved in the fictional soma. But as was the case with eugenics policies, this too fell into the hands of the industrialists who used it to benefit the mechanized society by keeping the mass culture satiated with pleasure and escapist trappings. The drug, as Hickman points out, is used to keep the masses producing and consuming, just as all other aspects of the culture had those goals in mind. Brave New World is a vision of a future that is based on Huxley’s reactions and interpretations of the 1920s. His strong favoring of an intellectual culture over a mass-produced comfort driven culture is abundantly made clear in the novel. In a different 1931 essay titled â€Å"To The Puritan,† Huxley pushes the idea that Fordism as a philosophy could prove destructive to humanity if pursued fully. There is no place in the factory, or in that larger factory which is the modern industrialized world, for animals on the one hand, or for artists, mystics, or even, finally, individuals on the other. Of all the ascetic religions Fordism is that which demands the cruellest [sic] mutilations of the human psyche – demands the cruellest [sic] mutilations and offers the smallest spiritual returns. Rigorously practiced for a few generations, this dreadful religion of the machine will end by destroying the human race (â€Å"To the Puritan† 238-239). How to cite More Machine Now Than Man, Papers

Senior Project Essays - Safety, Alarms, Prevention, Security Alarm

Senior Project Group Home Members Fredrick Harlan Joshua Snyder Lance Nguyen Proposed Senior Project: 1. The Purpose of this project is to have a home computer that will monitor a Home Security System that will be used to monitor any home. The roles of the home PC will be to serve as a remote security call center. It will use the dial out option via modem and contact the home owner via cell phone in case of an emergency. Then, it'll dial the police (911) and have a verbal voice message that will state the type of emergency such as: Fire or Break - in or intruder in the house. It will also give the police all the owners emergency information. Week 9 Report I located our interface signal source the O-scope. This will be how we differeniate the different alarm modes. Problems we have encountered I was looking at the wrong source for a constant ( the modem connection) but the best source was the sirens output signal. Plans for next week 1. We'll integrate the whole project together for continued testing Science Essays

A Review Of Lord Lamings Recomendations Social Work Essays

A Review Of Lord Lamings Recomendations Social Work Essays A Review Of Lord Lamings Recomendations Social Work Essay A Review Of Lord Lamings Recomendations Social Work Essay On 25th February 2000 at 3.15pm, Victoria Climbie was declared dead. A post-mortem scrutiny carried out by Dr. Nathaniel Carey concluded she had died of hypothermia caused by undernourishment as a consequence of a moist environment and restricted motion. Lord Laming was approached by the Secretary of State for Health and the Secretary of State for the Home Department to transport out three statutory enquiries following Victoria s decease. The combination of these enquiries resulted in the Victoria Climbie Inquiry. In this study, he found the communicating between Local Authorities, Police and Social Workers to be missing. As a consequence, he made a series of recommendations and the order in which they would be implemented. By making a hierarchy, ( fig1 ) , each Body or Committee had a specific map or function. Lord Laming determined that in the event of a serious instance, an established and clear concatenation of bid would guarantee answerability and or support at the highest degree. In this instance, the vaulting horse would halt at the recommended ministerial Children and Families Board established with the Prime Minister s support. These chief organic structures and their subordinates would besides be responsible for size uping and implementing new statute law ; and describing back in the order laid out. The chief focal point of these recommendations was bar instead than remedy ; by placing kids at hazard at the earliest chance and finally guaranting their safety. This would be done by: Simplifying the bing Working Together and the National Assessment Framework paperss into one papers that could be readily understood across the board. Geting rid of bureaucratism so that it became easier to place who was responsible for what more easy. Bettering the lines of communicating and sharing of information. Retraining of frontline staff. Clarifying the common jurisprudence regulations on confidentiality. Social Care Recommendations: Following his enquiry, Lord Laming recommended a complete restructure on how a vulnerable kid s instance would be handled from its induction to its completion. He recognized in order to protect the kids ; better criterions and clear guidelines would hold to be established for everyone concerned to follow. Some of his cardinal suggestions called for: Procedures on how to transport out an initial study: He concluded where English was non the kid s first linguistic communication, and translator would be made available. Training: Experienced staff with appropriate preparation would be assigned to the kids and their households. Recording of informations: Once a kid has been identified as being vulnerable, all informations sing this kid non restricting physician s studies ; must be collated, recorded and shared with the proper governments instantly. Accountability: Directors, Directors and Team leaders must set up a system that records: Who made the governments foremost cognizant of the kid s quandary, who is covering with the instance, when the instance was assigned, who referred the instance to another bureau or local authorization and the actions being taken throughout the continuance of the instance. It is the responsibility of the Manager to guarantee that every societal worker is clear on what function they are expected to play in any peculiar instance, and they understood what was expected of them. It would besides be made clear that their actions would come under supervising and reviewed sporadically. This would guarantee everyone concerned was on the same page. Referrals: Each bureau would hold to collaborate with each other when sharing their information. If more than one bureau was involved in a kid s instance, the initial bureau should be responsible for informing the latter bureau all the specifics of the instance in authorship. Legal Advice: In the event where exigency steps had to be taken, Lord Laming recommended that legal advice had to be taken within a 24 hr period. This would result that all facets of the jurisprudence were being complied with. Health Recommendations: Between the wellness, constabulary and societal services, it emerged that there were many missed chances which had they been spotted, could hold saved Victoria s life. As a consequence, Lord Laming suggested a complete revamp in the manner instances were recorded from the land up. Most notably, he recommended that: Where a instance of kid maltreatment is suspected, a nursing attention program must be drawn up integrating a full physician s study. Once a kid has been identified as vulnerable, the analyzing physician must make up ones mind whether to interrogate the kid straight without the consent of his primary carers or acquire the kid s history from his primary carers. The physician must so observe down his actions and or determinations taken in authorship. Decision The Philosopher George Santayana ( 1905 ) one time said those who can non larn from history are doomed to reiterate it . This unluckily, appeared to be the instance when Lord Laming was one time once more commissioned to compose another study following the decease of Baby Peter[ 2 ]. In this study he was asked to place the barriers that prevented the safeguarding of kids following his first enquiry. What has become progressively clear is that despite the initial enquiry, it appears no existent lessons have been learnt. On June 7th 2010, Channel 4[ 3 ]screened an clandestine docudrama on the life of a typical societal worker. Among the concerns that old and freshly qualified societal workers expressed ; a deficiency of communicating between governments and the bureaucratism that ensued stood out. Although one could reason the sample used in that peculiar docudrama could non perchance reflect the UK as a whole ; it is still a badgering and existent concern that needs to be nationally addressed to safeguard these vulnerable kids. TAQ 2: ( ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 2.2 ) WHAT DOES A CHILDREN S TRUST DO? Describe THEIR ESSENTIAL FEATURES AND PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS. The Children s Plan was set up by the Government to guarantee every kid regardless of age, sex, faith, economic background ; could take a safe, happy and healthy life. This is in bend would do it possible for these kids to turn into good adjusted grownups, capable of doing positive parts in their communities. In order to do this program work, The Children s Trust, made up of local partnerships, was given the duty to see out this vision and do it a world. The function of the Children s Trust One of their primary functions is to convey together local administrations that deal with the services of kids, immature grownups and households together ; to continually better services rendered or cover with jobs impacting these groups of people. Together with primary attention trusts, constabulary governments, youth piquing squads, wellness governments, schools, local probation boards and young person piquing squads ; the Children s Trust bring these administrations together and necessitate them to fall in The Trust edge by a legal responsibility of attention. Essential Features The Children s Trust: Identifies kids at hazard with an purpose to forestall any injury by step ining at the earliest phase possible. Try to cut down kid poorness Actively engage with their mark groups by listening to their positions on what affects them in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives in order to supply services that would do a existent difference to these kids. Ensure proper programs are laid out to supply effectual services to their mark groups. This includes entire answerability in services provided and public disbursement. Making certain every kid has a good rounded instruction which will enable hold them to be on a more or less on equal terms with affluent kids when they eventually join the occupation market. Attempts to interrupt the barriers that prevent kids from sharing and utilizing information. The Children s Trust besides ensures that proper communicating and sharing of information exists between all Local Authorities covering with kids. Partnership Agreements The undermentioned administrations work closely together with the Children s Trust to accomplish the public assistance of kids, immature grownups and households. It should be noted they have a legal responsibility of attention when supplying their several services and as a whole, as members of the Children s Trust, work together for the overall good being of their mark groups. Primary Care Trusts ( PCT ) : PCT together with Local Authorities and other bureaus that provide wellness and societal attention locally, guarantee the demands of the community are met as a whole. Local Safeguarding Children s Trusts: In order to advance the safety and good being of kids, immature grownups and households, they work together with local governments that deal with offense and upset, Youth Offending Teams and schools to cut down offense and put on the line the rate of reoffending. They teach effects at an early age in order to forestall, every bit much as possible, antisocial behavior. Education: Schools, households and local governments work together to accomplish high educational criterions and advance extracurricular activities to unlock endowments in kids. By working together, they try to guarantee a kid will come in into maturity as a well adjusted and productive member of society. Local Area Agreement ( LAA ) . The Children s Trust works closely with the populace, private and voluntary sectors to guarantee their overall vision is met. TAQ3: ( ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3.1, 3.2 ) DEFINE THE TERM CHILDREN IN NEED IN A SOCIAL WORK CONTEXT List THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT AND Give A BRIEF DESCRIPTION Any kid who needs excess attention or attending from local governments because: they can non accomplish a sensible criterion of wellness, are significantly impaired, are disabled and are at hazard from the people who surround or attention for them are classified as Children in Need . The Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004 require that Local Authorities who provide services for kids and immature people ( under 18 old ages old ) to: Identify those who are unable to reasonably attain or keep wellness and or development without the proviso of services by local governments Provide wellness services to those who are like to endure further or future complication without the proviso of services by the local governments Provide services for disable kids ( Children Act 1989, subdivision 17 ) . Different Types of Child Abuse and Neglect Child maltreatment can attest itself in many signifiers. Some signifiers of maltreatment are easier to descry than others and anybody working with kids must be trained to descry and step in at the earliest chance. Commons illustrations of kid maltreatment include: Physical maltreatment: This where a kid is physically harmed by those in charge of his primary attention ( parents or defenders ) or anybody who comes into contact with the kid. This includes things like crushing a kid, forcing him/her into objects that can do physical injury or curtailing their motions so they can non seek safety. Any calculated action that leaves contusions, internal hurts, interruptions, cuts and or cicatrixs is considered physical maltreatment. Sexual Abuse: Any signifier of sexual activity for illustration incest, colza, pedophilia ; with a kid is considered sexual maltreatment. Mental maltreatment: This covers a wide spectrum. Some of the major causes of mental maltreatment include: Environment: Child who have alcoholic, violent and or drug addicted parents/guardians ; or are exposed to such people in their communities, may endure mentally as a consequence. The kids s hereafter hapless picks could be in portion, as a consequence of the environment so grew up in. Unsupportive Families: Families who fail to back up the kids, by either promoting them to make good or learning them good values ; invariably degrading or seting down their kids ; disregarding their kids demands and wants ; are in fact mentally mistreating these kids TAQ4: ( ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3.3 ) OUTLINE THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT. PLEASE NOTE IF YOU HAVE BEEN FOLLOWING ALL LINKS YOU WILL Have INFORMATION ON THIS When a kid in demand has been identified or referred to the Local Authority, an initial appraisal to find what that demand is, what sort of services will be required to assist the kid and most significantly if the kid is safe in his or her current state of affairs ; is carried out. The stairss involved in transporting out such an appraisal are: The initial appraisal should be completed with a maximal period of 7 working yearss from the day of the month of the first referral. The demands of the kid in demand should be identified The safety, wellness and good being of the kid should be safeguarded from injury. Information from the kid s primary carers ( parents or defenders ) , the drawn-out household, all Local Authorities who had contact with the kid ( in relation to the instance nevertheless remote ) , and any records held about the kid ( both current and old ) ; should be collated and recorded to organize portion of the initial appraisal. Using the Children Act 1989 subdivision 17 as a guideline: define if the kid is in demand If there is sufficient or back uping grounds or likelihood the kid is enduring or will endure. The focal point of the initial appraisal should entirely concentrate on the public assistance of the kid, hence, any analysis and recommendations should be made clear with no room for ambiguity. TAQ5: ( ASSESSMENT CRETRIA 2.2 ) Find OUT WHAT THE NORFOLK PROTOCOL GUIDELNES ARE AND DESCRIBE IN YOUR OWN WORDS USING PARAGRAPHS AT LEAST 10 ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO THE PROTOCOL The Local Safeguarding Children Boards ( LSCBs ) exist to protect and advance the public assistance of kids and immature grownups. The LSCBs replaced the Area Child Protection Committees which were concerned with kid protection as opposed to safeguarding a kid. The Protocol therefore provide guidelines which Local Authorities and households can work together to supply better support for kids and immature grownups. Some of the activities undertaken in conformity with the Norfolk Protocol are: Aid or support for handicapped parents to look after their kids in all facets of the kid s life: Parents who suffer from physical or learning disablements require different signifiers of aid when looking after their kids. They may non be physically able to feed, frock or a carry their kid and demand to be supported in this. A learning disablement may besides impact a parent s inability to measure right the demands of a kid on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing. Local Authorities in conformity to the Protocol make an initial appraisal of the family and aid consequently. Safeguarding kids from force and disregard: Childs who come from backgrounds where force exists, are at hazard of going victims of their fortunes or turning up and going violent themselves. In order to safeguard against this, the LSCB place such hazards and take stairss to take the kid from such environments and put them in a safe and stable topographic point. Safeguard the kids and immature grownups when accessing services or activities in the community: Any cultural or recreational activities aimed at kids should do certain the kids benefit from these activities in a safe mode. The keepers in charge of the activities should hold an Enhanced Criminal Records Bureau ( CRB ) cheque. They should besides be decently trained to do certain the kids carry out their activities every bit safely as possible. Safeguard the kids and immature grownups from favoritism or onslaughts from people because of their race, faith or physical ability: This means wherever a kid is being targeted because of their individualism or has a physical or learning disablement, the LSCB should step in and either ; educate and or prosecute persons or groups doing injury to the kids. Safeguard kids from sexual marauders: Those who have been identified and prosecuted as sex wrongdoers ; should travel on the Sexual activity Offenders Register and banned from holding working with kids. The LSCB work closely together with other Local Governments and assist place kids at hazard in such state of affairss and take them from injury or possible injury. Missing Child: The LSCB acknowledge kids travel losing from their place or surrogate arrangement for a assortment of grounds. By sensitively nearing this issue, the LSCB work together with households, to happen out the fortunes associating to the kid s disappearing and if found, what can be done to forestall such an happening. Once a kid goes losing, relevant governments pool together to do certain the kid comes home safely. They may seek to make out to the kid utilizing the media or seting up postings with information on how the kid can reach the governments safely. Shared information: This is possibly the greatest tool at the LSCB s disposal in their work to safeguard kids. There are many Local Authorities and voluntary administrations who deal with the well being of kids and a batch of information is necessarily located in different locations. By puting up an electronic database, different administrations are able to non merely hold entree to this information, but besides are able to update and add critical inside informations refering to the kid in demand. Anybody who has entree, or adds to such information, should be held accountable in conformity to the processs of their several administrations. Safeguarding the kids from intimidation: By following a zero tolerance policy against strong-arming ( in schools or the community ) , the LSCB besides educates kids and grownups likewise, how to acknowledge and forestall intimidation. A legal responsibility of attention to kids and immature grownups who: have been given tutelary sentences, are placed in kids places, or in preparation Centres. They must do certain these kids are safeguarded while they in such establishments, from themselves or so others. They must place marks of self-destruction, self harming, mental wellness jobs, continued drug usage etc, and prevent, Teach or kerb such behavior while the kids or immature grownups are in their attention. Unauthorized Campsites: In a command to undertake the turning job of illegal encampment by Travellers, the Norfolk Protocol for Unauthorized Campsites was adopted in January 2003. The purpose of this affair was to organize a feasible program that was acceptable to both Travellers and the communities they occupy. By collaborating with the Local Authorities, the Travellers would non merely have a forum to aerate their grudges, but besides could raise their public profile. TAQ6: ( ASSESSMENT CRETRIA 4.1, 4.2 ) DEFINE WHAT IS MEANT BY ADOPTION AND FOSTERING IDENTIFY AND EVALUATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROVISION AVAILABLE FOR LOOKED AFTER CHILDREN. Adoption is a procedure where a kid is provided for with a new household and whom for a assortment of grounds, can non be raised by their ain biological parents. There is a legal procedure that needs to be followed where the new parents have to take all parental duty to the adopted kid as they would their ain biological kid if they have any. Fostering on the manus normally refers to a impermanent agreement made to suit a kid who is waiting to be adopted. The primary health professional ( in this instance it could be a surrogate parent or a surrogate place ) assumes duty for the kid together with a local authorization and where applicable, the kid s biological parents. Identify and Evaluate Different Type of Provisions Available for Looked After Children Educational Commissariats: Children in demand who are sing adversities in their instruction in add-on to any bing troubles have to be particularly cared for. In order to decently measure the kid s single demands, Local Authorities in partnerships with others, have to transport out appraisals to find what is best for the kid. The turning demands of the kid are besides taken into history. This is necessary because as the kid gets older, the governments concerned will necessitate to hold their initial appraisals reviewed to reflect the current position of the kid. By right measuring and run intoing a kid s educational demands, it is likely the kid will non stand out in mainstream society or be a mark for negative actions. Fostering Commissariats: The Children Act 1989 sec 22G requires Local governments to do certain that those entrusted with caring for kids meet the criterions set and have passed all the cheques required. This is of import as it minimizes hazards every bit much as possible with a position to finally guaranting the kid s safety in attention. Contact Commissariats: Childs who are placed in impermanent attention may hold entree to their biological parents depending on the nature of their arrangement. In order to safeguard the involvement of these vulnerable kids, parents sometimes have to hold to supervised visits. Equally much as this may be seen as an invasion by the biological households, it is necessary to hold a societal worker for illustration ; to be visibly present to forestall farther injury to the kid, or assist construct dealingss between kid and his/her household. Changes in the jurisprudence have besides being reviewed to further ease this procedure. In April 1st 2010, the new Government passed a jurisprudence stating that the participants incomes would non be a factor to reach activity TAQ 7: ( ASSESSEMENT CREITERION 4.3 ) Exploitation VALID AND RELIABLE SOURCES INVESTIGATE AND DISCSS THE ISSUES SUROUNDING HARD TO PLACE CHILDREN AND SUGGEST A POSSIBLE INERGRATED SERVICE PROVISION CARE PLAN. A kid is considered hard to put when it becomes hard for him/her to be for good adopted by a household. The grounds vary from kid to child but the most common grounds are: Physical ( prospective parents find the kid is excessively old ) Mental Problems Emotional or societal jobs Physical disablements More frequently than non, prospective adoptive parents already have this image of a perfect small kid and may non be ready to accept a kid who has some troubles. This is normally the hardest barrier when puting kids. If a kid is lucky plenty to be adopted, but displays some ambitious behavior during the test period, the adoptive parents have the right to return the kid if they feel they can non get by. This unhappily creates more jobs to the kid or may hold already started life feeling rejected. The term hard to topographic point is non merely restricted to kids in Foster attention. The same can be applied to kids who can non happen it difficult to remain in school because of the type of behavior they display. In order to increase the odds of have these kids successfully placed in a household or an educational installation, a good attention program is indispensable to do this happen. Where possible, a successful attention program needs to hold the input of the parents, extended household or old schools. Monck ( Monck and others 2003 p42 ) explores this farther when he defined a program of what to make in the meantime, where there was an outlook the kid would be returned to his birth parents or lasting defenders after a complete probe. He defined Concurrent planning as the capacity of the birth parents or wider birth household to rear the kid is investigated. At the same clip the kid is placed with surrogate carers who, if the birth household can non rear, go the adoptive parents . In his definition, when a kid could non be returned to his natural parents, he made a proviso on what would eventually go on to that kid. The undermentioned constituents represent a good attention program. Specific: All attention programs for difficult to put kids, need to be every bit single as the kid itself. The jobs environing the kid may hold a generalized description, but the effects to the kid itself have to be tailored to suit the kid. Child A could be said to be angry and displays this choler by hitting other kids. The same could be said of any kid because kids tend to flog out as they are yet to larn tools of how to cover with their emotions. The attention program would so hold to dig into the root cause of the kid s choler before doing proviso or recommendation on how to outdo aid the kid. Measurable: It is counterproductive to hold the kid receive the same type of aid when no noticeable betterment can be recorded. Alternatively, if after an acceptable period of clip the kid continues to exhibit the same type of disputing behavior, a new therapy or constitution should be tried. In order to avoid duplicate of interventions, Local Authorities have to pass on and work together in a command to assist the kid. Relevant: The attention program should suit the kid needs as he or she is now. This means if an appraisal was carried when the kid was 4 old ages old, another has to be carried as he/she continues to acquire older. Factors such as pubescences need to be taken into history as they could increase or magnify the behavioral jobs exhibited by the kid. Focused: The attention program would hold to hold way. Gratuitous clip blowing therapies, appraisals or interventions can be avoided merely by holding a focussed attention program. This is where the existent determinations are made refering the kid in inquiry even though these determinations have to be revised sporadically. The same could be said when there are no more resources available at that present clip to provide to the kid. The lone thing that can be done in such instances is to maintain the kid safe, healthy and every bit happy as possible. TAQ8 ( ASSESSEMENT CRETERION 1.1 ) USING THE TIMELINE AS A BASIS FOR YOUR WORK, DEVELOP IT FURTHER TO FULL OUTLINE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES WITHIN THE UK TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN. 2006 The Children and Adoption Act 2006 made commissariats for people who worked or had contact with kids chiefly in a professional capacity or for households who posed a hazard to kids. The purpose of this act was to minimise possible hazards to kids. 2007 The UK Borders Act 2007 ( codification of pattern on kids ) defines how kids should be treated when doing certain they comply with the UK in-migration Torahs. It states for illustration, any kid under 16 old ages old should hold an grownup nowadays before fingerprints can be taken. 2008 The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 Chapter 23 defines the manner in which societal work services are delivered to kids and immature individual. Part 1 Sections 1-10 item what is expected from any organisation/Local Authority presenting these types of services. Part 2 trades with the Functions in Relation to Children and Young Persons. This includes covering with issues to make with the kids s wellbeing, adjustment, independent reexamining officers, trial, instruction and preparation, finance, attention interruptions, enforcement of attention criterions, exigency protection orders and information and research. Part 3 of this act defines what is required for following and furthering services. Part 4 elaborates more on the Orders under Part 2 of the 1989 Act. This merely inside informations what criteria each administration or Local Authority should run into before and after a kid is placed in attention. Part 5 trades with the minor and auxiliary amendments to the 1989 Act. 2009 The Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 ( c 22 ) provides a model for which 16-18 twelvemonth olds could measure up for an apprenticeship. Its purpose is to guarantee that kids in schools receive full information about apprenticeships and vocational preparation chances. 2010 The Children, Schools and Families Act 2010 ( c 26 ) trades with the proviso that should do for kids with particular educational demands. Separate 1 of this act inside informations how educational installations have to be inspected to run into the Government s standard for this group of kids. TAQ 9 THE ROLE OF THE SOCIAL WORKER AND OF THE COURTS IN IMPLEMENTING THE PROVISIONS OF RELEVANT RECENT LEGISLATION IS VITAL IF CHILDREN ARE TO BE ADEQUATELY PROTECTED WITHIN THE UK. DISCUSS The function of the societal worker has neer been more disputing at an age where horrific instances of kid maltreatment have become platitude. These stories no longer do headlines in the media and more worryingly, are the instances that do non do the forepart pages which are every bit as ghastly. The societal worker is besides faced with a batch of resistance in the work topographic point from uncooperative parents/guardians who openly scorn them and believe they want to destruct their household unit or state them how to run their lives. The tribunals on the other manus are overwhelmed with the sheer figure of child maltreatment instances they have to cover with. By the terminal of 2009 entirely, 51,488 sex offenses against kids were recorded by the Home Office. Both the societal workers and the tribunal system are frequently under huge force per unit area to decide these instances rapidly because clip is normally of the kernel to guarantee the safety of the kid. In add-on, a host of ruddy tape and bureaucratism cause the wheels of justness to run easy, which frequently result in many holds which could set the kid in farther danger. One of the most of import steps that has been put in topographic point ; mostly because of the instance of Victoria Climbe, was a clear line of communicating and answerability for all the authorities/agencies who deal with kids in demand. Lord Lemming clearly identified that a deficiency of communicating and finally answerability between different bureaus could hold contributed to the decease of Victoria Climbe, one time she was ab initio identified as a kid in demand. However, lessons were non learnt as in the instance of Baby Peter ; which resulted in farther recommendations by Lord Laming. This was what resulted in the Children Act 2004. It is deserving observing that the Children Act 1989 is still upheld and the 2004 Act does non replace it. The societal workers on the other manus were under force per unit area and overwhelmed b y the figure of caseloads they had to mine through and some of these workers felt their positions had changed from safeguarding kids to run intoing marks. In order to to the full appreciate and understand the functions both the societal worker and the tribunals play in implementing the commissariats of statute law for the kid s protection, it is of import to first define who is considered a child in demand . Councils in the UK have several indexs which they use to place and prioritise aid for a kid in demand ( CIN ) . These are based on several factors environing the kid s life such as disablement, domestic force, intoxicant and drug maltreatment, homelessness, sex maltreatment to advert a few. Regardless of how each council operates, they are all governed by the Children s Act of 1989 and 2004. Using these Acts as a templet, a child in demand can be slackly defined as anybody under the age of 18 old ages, who requires some signifier of intercession, to safeguard them from external factors that prevent them from basking a healthy and well-balanced life. As a consequence, the Government in concurrence with Ofsted, Her Majesty s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate, Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Probation, Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Prisons, Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Court Administration, Her Majesty s Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Care Quality Commission ; organize a Safeguarding Review to update their policies on safeguarding kids which oc

The Deadly Hazard of Avalanches

The Deadly Hazard of Avalanches Avalanches have always occurred in the mountainous regions of the world. With the growth of winter-time recreations, fatalities have been on the rise since the 1950s. Avalanches claim over 150 lives each year worldwide and hundreds more are injured or trapped following an avalanche. Ninety percent of all avalanches occur on moderate slopes with an angle of 30Â ° to 45Â ° (snow tends not to accumulate on steeper slopes). Avalanches occur when the gravity pushing the collection of snow at the top of the slope is greater than the strength of the snow itself. A change in temperature, a loud noise, or vibrations are all that are necessary to trigger one of these snowfalls that begin at a starting zone. The avalanche continues downslope along the track and ultimately the avalanche fans out and settles in the runout zone. What Country Gets the Most Avalanches? Internationally, the Alpine countries of France, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy experience the greatest number of avalanches and loss of life annually. The United States ranks fifth worldwide in avalanche danger. The states of Colorado, Alaska, and Utah are the most deadly. Avalanche Prevention and Control Avalanche prevention and mitigation involves a variety of methods. Snow fences are built to prevent the buildup of snow in starting zones, structures are built to stabilize snow. deflecting walls are built to divert avalanche flows away from buildings and even entire towns. Sheds build across roadways that pass through persistent avalanche paths can help to protect motorists from avalanches. Additionally, the reforestation of slopes with trees helps to prevent avalanches. Sometimes avalanche control experts actually desire to create smaller, controlled avalanches to prevent larger, uncontrolled ones. Percussion guns, explosives, and even artillery have been used to produce these controlled avalanches when people are kept away. Although a variety of recreationists spend time in snow-covered mountains - snowmobilers are those most often killed by avalanches in the U.S. Most avalanches in the U.S. occur during the months January, February, and March and on average, 17 are killed annually nationwide. Backcountry explorers are strongly advised to not only know how to identify avalanche hazard areas but also to carry an avalanche beacon/transceiver and a shovel in case of emergency.

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully Research Proposal

Managing Aircraft Maintenance Projects Successfully - Research Proposal Example Regulations and common sense both mandate that each aircraft be the subject of a fully documented maintenance protocol towards ensuring the airworthiness and serviceability of the aircraft. Routine preventive maintenance, although well within the purview of common sense, is not a required part of the maintenance protocol. Within the aircraft maintenance protocol, each aircraft and the work required for its service is regarded as an individual project. The reality of aircraft maintenance project management (AMPM) is that several overlapping projects must be managed simultaneously. This presents major obstacles and difficulties for the aircraft maintenance organization in terms of resource management and utilization, budgetary constraints, priority conflicts and lead-time fulfillment. These considerations are compounded by several factors. Greater demands are being placed on aircraft as the number of passenger miles being flown trends upward over time. The number of aircraft being flown also trends upward but at a disproportionate rate. More importantly for the proposed research, the number of aviation maintenance technicians in the industry trends upward at a much lower rate, suggesting that the workload placed on maintenance technicians per capita is becoming ever greater. Air Transport Association o f America statistics for the 12-year period from 1983 to 1995 gives these increases as 187%, 70% and 27% respectively, supporting the ‘work overload’ factor of AMPM. Baron (2009) discusses at some length untoward events that can be attributed directly to the effects of fatigue experienced by aircraft maintenance personnel, and so to the project management practices of their working environments. It is important to note the finding recounted by Baron from a study conducted by Johnson et al in 2002. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, those authors discerned that in general, AMTs and AMEs working in aircraft maintenance services were

Blood component therapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Blood component therapy - Assignment Example It has been observed that there is a disorganized practice to place the orders for blood requirement in elective surgeries moreover incidence show a wasteful use of blood in the execution of elective surgeries (Gianoutsos, 2008). It is therefore essential that there should be an approach of â€Å"group and screen† procedure compared to going for the full cross-match once transfusion is compulsory and therefore orders must be placed accordingly (Gianoutsos, 2008). In order to avoid the occurrence of hepatitis and HTLV-III infections, an approach of predeposit autotransfusion was realized specifically in elective surgery. This facilitates the conservation of homologous blood and creates an awareness and understanding for the proceeds of autotransfusion (Rebulla, 1987). This kind of approach finds its way through the advancement in the use of preservatives. The method has the advantage over the homologous transfusion where an individual receives the donor’s blood and hence risk life with hepatitis (risk is 46%), malaria, syphilis, allergic reaction (risk is 20 -25%) and mismatches due to any technical errors (risk is 61%). It is therefore essential for planned surgeries to have an autologist transfusion of blood to eliminate risks as it speed up the healing process (Holm, 1981). In order to find out the extent to which autologous blood that has been donated in advance and is used by the patient during the process of elective surgery, a study was carried out where 4996 patients undergoing elective surgery, of these, 1287 patients placed order for cross-matched blood even though 590 patients were found to be suitable for predepositing blood suggesting unawareness about predepositing blood. Merely 5% (32 patients) of the patients predeposited the blood, still 4 amongst these got homologous blood. The study concludes that by predonation of blood 68% homologous blood transfusion could have been avoided (Toy, 1987). This is autologous