The Strength Based Approach Is A Traditional And...

5.1 Problem solving approach is a traditional and foundational aspect of general social work practice. It is based on identifying a problem or set of problems facing a client, and formulating a framework of possible options with the hope of fixing the problem or improving the situation. Although the worker may guide the client and inform them of the possibilities and options available, the client is still solely responsible for their own choices and actions. The formal application of this principle is the definition, assessment, setting of goals, intervention and resolution. The strength based approach is a groundbreaking concept that has changed the paradigm of problem solving within social work. Instead of focusing on the trials, problems and adversity that face a consumer. We acknowledge the difficulty, we do not underestimate it or belittle it, yet we try and change the focus of the situation and outlook of the individual, to focus on their skills, achievements, qualities, gifts and strengths. The goal of the strength based approach is to empower the individual, based on their past successes and to aid them in utilizing this strength to progress in a positive manner. We try to break the paradigm of defining the client by their faults or weaknesses. We as a society place names and labels on everything, we define our world and the people around us using this convention. However marginalized people often carry labels with crippling stigma attached to them, drugShow MoreRelatedProblem Solving And Strengths Based Approach1378 Words   |  6 Pages5.1 Contrasting a Problem Solving and Strengths Based Approach: Problem solving approach is a traditional and foundational aspect of general Social Work practice. It is based on identifying a problem or set of problems facing a client and formulating a framework of possible options with the hope of fixing the problem or improving the situation. Although, the worker may guide the client and inform them of the possibilities and options available, the client is still solely responsible for their ownRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 9 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Hope Haslam Straughan Within the social work profession, there is a growing movement affirming that spirituality and religious beliefs are integral to the nature of the person and have a vital influence on human behavior (Hugen, 1998). Canda (1988) identifies spirituality as a basic aspect of human experience, both within and outside the context of religious institutions. 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The huge ethical considerations that have emerged out of this case for me is to be culturally competent. â€Å"Social workers should continue to obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression, age, marital status,

Management Style Essay Free Essays

If there are problems between staff, I am the one who needs to find a way for the problem to be worked out so that the staff can go back to doing their job to the best of their ability. I need to be able to fire/let someone go if they are not working well for the position and I am the one that gets the biggest stress from work. Live that being a manager means you have good time management, are a good judge of character can handle problem situations in a timely professional manner and be able to make staff understand that we are all working together for the best outcome of the company/place of employment. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Style Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A few bad qualities a manager can have are temper problems, a complex where they believe they are better than co-workers and staff alike, someone only wants to do their paperwork job and ignoring staff. This means that you can’t just do the paper work and hiring, you have to know what the main goals are but if everyone sees their manager as a bad manager because nothing is getting better then you should rethink your priorities as a manager. Qualities of a person, management or staff, can change based off of different situations in their lives but that is when a positive attitude can come into play. If a family member has passed away you may not want to work but sometimes you have to set things aside and do your best while working. All aspects of being a manager do not change; you have to take care of everything that is needed for your position and just take it one day at a time. Team Work While taking my Management Quiz, it all seemed like common sense. My results showed that I am doing great in the team work area, meaning that I know how to get staff on the same page about all goals and plans that need done. It stated that I know how to delegate and how to make sure that results are what want them to do be. As a team that can be hard but do realize that everyone is different and it takes different managing methods for some. One person I may have to show how to do something while another only have to tell them what was wrong. Managing People My people managing skills on the quiz showed that I know how to manage people in general. That would include being able to hire the right person for the job, giving feedback as often as possible and to address any issues in a way that the person/people will understand and be able to do better with their work. I believe that talking to a person one-on-one can help them understand what it is they are doing great and what they need to improve on thou yelling or always being negative. It takes a positive attitude to have others show a positive attitude even if everything that is being done is not correct. Managing You resell The quiz stated that I am doing a great job in managing myself. This includes time management, using my authority in a way that isn’t abusing my position and understanding my role as a manager. I do know that being manager doesn’t mean get my way, it means that I am working with others to do what needs to be done for the company so that all staff works well together and hat everything is run smoothly. As a manager the biggest responsibility is on me. Have to be the one that makes sure everyone is doing their best and that am letting them know where their faults are and to do my best to help them fix any issues that they may be having. I am the one that staff comes to when there is a problem and I need to be the one to find ways to fix any issue in a way that no more issues come from the original problem. Conclusion My management quiz showed that am doing great on all aspects of the quiz ND I agree but also know that I can get better with time and knowledge. How to cite Management Style Essay, Essays

Assignment Sample on Impact of Gender Biasness

Question-Identify a research question or research questions based on a topic of your choosing an provide a brief overview of the literature? TOPIC Impact of gender biasness on the attitude of students LITERATURE REVIEW Gender Discrimination is the outcome of tenacious imbalance between men furthermore girls in all circles of life. The measurement and level of oppression girls shows itself in diverse society, legislative issues, race, locale, nations, and economies in an unexpected way. Be that as it may, Gender Discrimination is considered as an enormous stipulation towards the improvement methodology and it is found as a causal element of brutality against girls. Academic Institutions, as one of the essential executors of socialization, have a tremendous effect on the potential classroom accomplishment of students. As examined by Women's Ways of Knowing (1997), the dominant part of sc Academic Institutions has been, and proceeds to be, outlined and run by men. Thus, women's activists have addressed the instructive structure. Additional research (Hall and Sandler, 1982) has uncovered that a number of the distinctions that boys and girls involvement in school are influenced by sex inclined educating procedures, giving boys favorable element over girls in the classroom. Theorists keep up that a student's personality is regularly affected by the sex parts and desires he/she encounters in the classroom; this is particularly valid for girls (Sadker and Sadker, 1994). The teenage years are perceived as an especially turbulent and compelling time for students (Williams and Mcgee, 1991, p.325). Therefore, it is basic that teachers or educators, and the public equivalent, perceive the harming effects that customary role of genders and desires have had for some students, both boys and girls. Gender Biasness can affect students' demeanor towards learning and their engagement with the subject. On the off chance that influenced by Gender Discrimination inclination, young girls will have a tendency to accept that any achievement they have is because of diligent work as opposed to any inborn ability or insights. Young men may be urged to accept that accomplishment in science and math ought to come effortlessly to them due to their sexual orientation. A few boys report dropping out of school science and math programs in light of the fact that they probably won't see these subjects as simple. In general, educators have lower desires for young girls' scholastic achievement contrasted with young men and their state of mind are demonstrated through the sort and nature of the student educator communication. The sort and nature of scrutinize educators give their students can likewise have an effect. Educators' remarks on young girls' work concentrates on its appearance yet with youn g men's work instructors concentrate on the substance. Young girls regularly don't get substantive remarks or feedback from instructors from which they could enhance their capacity to learn. Amid the numerous hours used in classrooms, young girls get less time and consideration from instructors than their male companions. Educators normally ask young girls less demanding inquiries than they ask young men. Regularly, young girls get fewer chances to participate in classroom talk, use supplies and attest their insight in classrooms (Scantlebury, 2011). According to Wood (2009), both males and females progress in the environment which affirms and promotes their behaving, communication and thinking styles. However, by giving more value to the problem solving and visual-spatial skills, the learning styles is mainly associated with the males in the society instead of females. Thus the males groom themselves more confidently and comfortably than females in the present educational environment. Sadker and Sadker(1994) says that the schools which engage in the gender biasness practices encourage wealthy opportunities for boys and restrict the future advancement of the girls. Thus existence of gender biasness in the academic institutions greatly encourages damage to the students occupational choices, self-esteem, attitude, performance, self-concept etc. Thus it is very much important to reduce gender biasness in the academic institutions. Therefore, Gender equality has become the current subject among various policy makers of the world to e nhance the economic growth and maintain the development process of the world. This gender equality concept from the school days itself would help to reduced the perceived barriers among and boys and girls and also eliminate all discriminating forms against girls. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions for the conducting the current research are: Identify the students definition of gender discrimination Analyze the impact of gender biasness on students METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES The sociological theories in sociology are the statements of why and how the facts related to social world are interrelated (Sanderson, 2005). Some of the sociologists say that the structure of sociology is methodological perspective instead of ontological claim. There exists two types of perspective in sociological researches one is positivistic perspective and another perspective is the social constructionist perspective. Positivism methodology is based on the natural sciences and also social views. The information gathered is mainly derived from the sensory experiences, mathematical and logical treatments. The verifying and the obtained data are thus considered as empirical evidence and thus assume that there exists valid knowledge. Positivism mainly asserts that the social structure determines the emotions through the outcome of status relations and power of actors involved. On the other hand the social constructivists reject the significance of physiological and biological subst rate in determining the emotions of the actors. They believe that emotions are mainly determined by the feeling rules or the social norms. According to the social constructivism research the truth and the knowledge is constructed and thus believes that the gender, sexuality and race are social constructed (Kemper, 1981). For conducting this present research, the researcher will use the positivism research methodology perspective. This is because the researcher decides to focus on quantitative data to address the above mentioned research questions and positivism approach is more reliable as it is more scientific. Even Positivism approach follows a proper structure during discussion and studies which allows little space for drastic change in the variable and thus makes the research study more reliable and accurate (Kirby, 2000). METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS The ontological assumptions mainly focus on various phenomena that are surrounding the world. It is the theory that mainly emphasizes with the existing issues and revolves around the nature of reality. It refers to different claim which a specific paradigm develops about truth and reality. In short, ontological assumptions are about what is present, its look, and the components that are involved and also the interaction between all the components. The ontological assumptions mainly investigate the characteristics of the commonsensical perceptual and physical world, whether the truth is an entity that is mentally constructed, or identifies the characteristics of the human beings that colonize the world, and whether there exists any relationship among human beings are hidden and need significant inquiry (Delanty and Strydom, 2003). According to Wiersma (2000), epistemology assumptions investigates the truthfulness, possibility, limits, methods, structure of knowledge and how this knowledge can be applied, validates and acquired. Walker and Evers (1988), says that epistemology mainly emphasizes on how researcher can understand the phenomena. Thus the epistemology investigates on the knowledge sources, how to gain the knowledge of world, what kind of empirical evidence is required, identifying the presuppositions of the knowledge, communicate the knowledge to the individuals, issues with validating the truth (Delanty and Strydom, 2003). The current research will follow the epistemology assumptions as it would help the researcher to explain the interaction between the variables in quantitative terms, cause outcomes and shape the events. The assumptions that is made for this current research is that there exists a rigid sex role stereotypes for femininity and masculinity. The gender biasness can occur when people around start making various assumptions about the preferences, abilities and behavior of a girl and a boy in the school. Thus the students find some mismatch among their peers and teachers and thus encounter social problems. REFERENCES Delanty, G. and Strydom, P. (2003). Philosophies of social science. Maidenhead, England: Open University. Hall, R., and Sandler, B. (1982). The classroom climate: A chilly one for women? Washington, DC: Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges. Kemper, T. (1981). Social constructionist and positivist approaches to the sociology of emotions. American Journal of Sociology, pp.336--362. Kirby, M. (2000). Sociology in perspective. 3rd ed. Oxford: Heinemann, pp.340-345. Sadker, M. and Sadker, D. (1994). Failing at fairness. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. Sanderson, S. (2005). Reforming theoretical work in sociology: A modest proposal. Perspectives: Newsletter of the ASA Theory Section, 28(2), pp.1--4. Scantlebury, K. (2011). Gender bias in teaching. VOICE, O. (1997). Women's Ways of Knowing. College Student Development and Academic Life: Psychological, Intellectual, Social, and Moral Issues, 4, p.89. Wiersma, W. (2000). Research Methods in Education; An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Walker, J.C. and Evers, C.W. (1988), "The Epistemological Unity of Educational Research" IN Keeves J.P.Educational Research, Methodology, and Measurement.Oxford, Pergamon Press, pp. 28-36. Williams, S. and McGee, R. (1991). Adolescents' self-perceptions of their strengths. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(3), pp.325--337. Wood, J. (2009). Gendered lives. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Measurement of Work Performance an Example by

Measurement of Work Performance Performance is the end result of an activity. Managers at all organizations are concerned about the work performance which is the end product of work processes and activities. Organizations performance goals can only be achieved through its employees. An effective performance measurement and management system aligns individual and teamwork behaviors to the organization's business strategies, goals, and values. For an organization to achieve its goals, it is important that each employee understands individual roles and responsibilities that are integrated to achieve organizational goals. Need essay sample on "Measurement of Work Performance" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There must be continuous dialogue between leaders and employees to set performance expectations, monitor progress, and evaluate results. Combined effort of the leader and staff to plan, measure and analyze, and manage performance enable them to successfully measure and account for work performance. Tools and Techniques to Measure Work Performance The most frequently used performance measures are: Organizational Productivity Organizational Effectiveness Industry Ranking Productivity is the ratio between the level of input and output. It is important for managers to increase the productivity level to increase work performance. The same level of input should produce a higher level of output or a lower level of input should be used to produce the same level of output. (Robbins, Coulter 2005) To measure work performance it should be seen how the efficiently the resources including land, capital and especially labor is being utilized in both service and manufacturing firms. The managers should also check how appropriate the goals of the organization are and how effectively is working being done to achieve those. E.g. Customers, suppliers, shareholders each have their own goals and interests. But at the end of the day the manager has to see how well the overall goals are being met. Comparing the work performance against previous way of work done in the same firm or against the industry standard can help managers measure work performance. It is an eye opener for the managers. Managers need appropriate tools to monitor and measure work performance at organizations. Economic Value Added tool is a financial tool that measure work performance by measuring corporate and divisional performance. This is calculated by subtracting the after tax operating profit from the total annual cost of capital. It focuses managers attention on earning a rate of return that is over and above that of the cost of capital. Companies like Hewlett-Packard and Equifax make use of this. (Heizer, Render 1996, p.457) Balanced scorecard is another tool that measures work performance by focusing on four major areas that is financial, customer, internal processes and people/innovation/growth assets. The basic idea is for managers to set goals in each of these areas and then compare if the goals are being met. The Ontario Hospital Association in Canada developed a scorecard for 89 hospitals to evaluate their work performance Bench marking is usually done to compare the organizations work performance with the best practices among competitors. It is the standard of excellence against which firms can measure and compare. The HR department at SYSCO Corporation developed Innovation Key Metrics Benchmark System which enables the regional managers to measure work performance against others in the SYSCO family. (Robbins, Coulter 2005) Performance can also be measured by using different ratios including Activity Ratio which shows how efficiently inventory is being utilized and Profitability ratios which identifies the profit being generated by various products. Observation and work samples enable managers to asses the performance of work. Improve Work Performance by using Performance Measure Results Once the results are found it is important for managers to communicate the results to the employees. The more open about it the better it is. However mangers must be confidential about individual employee result. If the manager is not satisfied with the results then each department should be given goals and targets that should be achieved within a limited time frame. Score cards should be assigned to each department. Productivity targets should be set and communicated to the employees. A system for continuous feedback should be maintained so that the managers are updated on the work activities. Managers must find the key issues that resulted in the underperformance. It could be due to a fault in the working environment like the ventilation system or the long structural hierarchy which discourages employees at different levels to coordinate with each other and participate in the decision making. These problems should be rectified by the manager. Employees performing a certain task are the best source of information. By interacting with them and setting meetings with those employees, managers would not only find the problems and how to improve them but would make them feel an important part of the organization. References Robbins P., Coulter Mary (2005) Management, Eighth Edition. Prentice- Hall Heizer Jay, Render Barry (1996) Operations Management, Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall

Internship at Bildersee Beacon Brooklyn

Internship at Bildersee Beacon Brooklyn Free Online Research Papers I interned at Sesame Flyers Bildersee Beacon (SFBB) located at Isaac Bildersee Intermediate School in Brooklyn, New York. It accommodates participants ranging from grades kindergarten through eighth. The participants come from different schools. The building is equipped with an auditorium, gymnasium, cafeteria, classrooms, nurse’s office, and bathrooms. There are many after school programs throughout New York City. These programs were established to help working parents, who could not attend to their children when they are released from school. These after school programs ensure nutritionist meals, homework assistance and extra-curricular activities. You cannot expect to run an after school program unless you are equipped to handle the needs of the students. The staff has to be knowledgeable in several areas. The students’ are relying on the teachers and staff to protect them. The students’ safety and health is the number one priority to SFBB. On September 21, 2009, I started my internship at SFBB. My supervisor was Mrs. LaTanya Dailey. I was excited to intern at SFBB because I work at Isaac Bildersee Intermediate School during the day. My responsibilities included ensuring nutritionist meals were eaten before the start of after school activities. Supervise and implement a structured activity with participants’ grades kindergarten through first. Assist with homework in all academic subjects. I also implement extra-curricular activities upon completion of their homework. Prior to my first day at work, I was surprised to find that I was feeling anxious. My anxiety was based on a fear that there might be little or no structure, searching for assignments and feeling generally uncomfortable with my new situation. I was nervous because it was something I had never done before. Mrs. Dailey assigned me six students, three boys and three girls, Mikal 5, Kevin 6, Jamal 5, Cassandra 5, Mikaya 5, and Shatera 6. Mrs. Dailey who has known me for the past five years from working in the same building knew it would be something I could handle. It was an experience that taught me to be open to trying new things. As the intern, I made sure all of my students did art projects, read books, played games, and participated in group activities. It made the classroom a fun place and kept them interested in learning. I allowed the students to pick where they sat because I wanted them to feel comfortable. A typical day started at 3:00 p.m. I would greet my students and escort them to the cafeteria to eat a nutritionist meal before we go to our assigned classroom. At 4:00 p.m., we are in our classroom. I assisted with their homework when needed. Each classroom has three adults, eighteen students, and is assigned an activity, which changes on a daily basis. Free time in the gymnasium, African dance in the auditorium, arts and crafts projects, board games, and book read-aloud. By 6:00 p.m., most children have been picked up. â€Å"As the student, it is to your advantage to learn as much as possible about the agency and the way it serves its clientele†, (4th Ed., p 47). I learned that the agency, and its service’s to their clientele are exceptional. An organization like this is much needed in our communities. With more and more children growing up in homes with two working parents or a single parent, today’s families can benefit from the safe, structured learning opportunities that after school programs and their agencies provide. After school hours are a critical time for both parents and our students. It can represent either an opportunity to learn and grow through quality after school programs and their agencies, or a time of risk to our student’s health and safety. These after school hours are at the peak time for juvenile crime and risky behaviors such as alcohol and drug abuse. Most experts agree that after school programs offer a healthy and positive alternative. These programs keep kids safe, improve academic achievements and help relieve the stresses on today’s working families. After school programs also can help to improve the academic performance of participating children. For many children, their reading and math scores have improved, in large part because after school programs allow them to focus attention on areas in which they are having difficulties. Many programs connect learning to be more relaxed and enriching activities, thereby improving academic performance as well. After school programs also contribute to raising children’s self-confidence as well as academic performance. Both teachers and parents report that children who participate in after school programs develop better social skills and learn to handle conflicts in more socially acceptable ways. Children indicate that they have higher aspirations for their future, including greater intentions to complete high school and attend college. Families able to enroll their children in good programs indicate that their children are safer and more successful in school. These families also develop a greater interest in their child’s learning. In addition, children develop new interests and skills and improve their school attendance. In many cases, communities have come together to improve the availability of after school programs. Partnerships among schools, local governments, law enforcement, youth and community based organizations, social and health services, and businesses have resulted in a number of high qualities after school programs. These partnerships foster a great volunteer spirit and provide opportunities for parents and other adults to participate in program activities. From school to school, neighborhood to neighborhood, community to community, and every after school program is different. Successful programs respond to community needs; their creation is the result of a community effort to evaluate the needs of its school age children when school is not in session. For many children in neighborhoods across America, after school programs provide a structured, safe, supervised place to be after school for learning, fun, and friendship with adults and peers alike. Quality after school programs can provide safe, engaging environments that motivate and inspire learning outside the regular school day. While there is no one single formula for success in after school programs, both practitioners and researchers have found that effective programs combined academic, enrichment, cultural, and recreational activities to guide learning and engage children and youth in wholesome activities. They also find that the best programs develop activities to meet the particular needs of the communities they serve. All programs need staff who are qualified and committed, have appropriate experience and realistic expectations, and can interact productively with regular school staff. Mrs. Dailey helps ensure that the after school program provides high quality services that meet the needs of program staff, students and families. Effective administrators develop strong relationships with schools and community partners. â€Å"During the course of a semester, many students experience anxiety from having to struggle too many roles and demands simultaneously†, (4th Ed., p 54). I felt as a single working parent that being organized made it easier to juggle the additional roles of being a student, and a practicum intern. There was three items that I used in developing organizational skills: a day-by-day calendar, a pocket size notebook, and a daily to-do list. I use my calendar to record all appointments, deadlines, and crucial events. In my notebook, I’d jot down errands and tasks I need to do as they occur. On my to-do list, I’d jot what must be done in order for me to accomplish my goals as a parent, a student, and as a practicum intern. I was still struggling with being a student, parent, and practicum intern. I had to also rearrange my schedule at home. It was not easy with this additional role for my family and me. At this point in my life I did not think I could handle all these roles simultaneously with their demands. I knew it was time that my children had to help. They had to take on more responsibilities, now that I was starting my internship. My children agreed with the new changes that I was about to bestow on them. They were up to the challenges of being more independent that came along with their new responsibilities. With their help and understanding I was hopeful that maybe I can take on my additional roles and their demands. It was hard in the beginning to make this work for my family and me. With time I knew it had to get better. As the weeks went on as the parent, student, and practicum intern the anxieties that I was feeling subsided due to the organizational skills I have acquired and practiced. Also, I could not have done it without my children’s support and help around the house. It was no longer a struggle to juggle too many roles with their demands simultaneously. â€Å"Noncompliance is very frustrating, particularly when the client seems to be relating well with you, owns up to the problem, agrees with the plan to do something about the problem, but fails to keep appointments or does not complete expected tasks†, (4th Ed., p 92). Kevin, six years old, refused to do his homework and wanted to run around the classroom instead. He disrupted others while they were doing their homework. When I approach him about his behavior, he understands what he is doing is wrong. He promises he will not do it again. He would do this everyday. I became frustrated because when I would talk to him, he would make me feel that he wouldn’t do it again. Kevin greets me everyday with a hello and a smile. He gets along with his peers and staff. Everyday I would greet him with a hello and a smile and reminded him what he promised me. I thought that making the children monitors for certain things would help Kevin to follow instructions better. Everyone had a responsibility that they were in charge of. His behavior started to improve everyday. After two weeks Kevin was able to complete expected tasks without any problems. My frustrations diminished. â€Å"For your own mental health and well being, do not take client and agency problems home with you†, (4th Ed., p 153). I’ve learned that it is best to keep work and home separate. By the end of the workday, you are tired, and/or frustrated, and/or even stressed from a long day. You have to go home and start a different role. Your family needs your full attention. I remember when I used to take my frustrations from the workplace and into my home. I would yell at my children for the littlest of things. They didn’t know why I would be so angry with them all of the time. I was stressed from working all day and then have to come home and start dinner, check homework, etc. By the time everything was completed, it was time to start it all over again. I knew I had to change because it was tearing my family and me apart. This is how it all changed. I would come home and greet my kids with a hello and a kiss. I would ask my children how their day was and they would ask me how mine was. We would chat for about a half hour. Then they would resume their homework while I prepared dinner. I felt relaxed and more at ease with myself. Instead of coming home and starting the same routine, I changed it. â€Å"From time to time even most seasoned professionals wonder if they have chosen the right vocation†, (4th Ed., p 158). I was a secretary for many years. I knew I didn’t choose my right vocation. I always wanted to work with children. After ten years of working for one company I knew I had to change my profession. I decided to apply for a position with the Department of Education (DOE). They had openings for Crisis Intervention Paraprofessionals. I started working for the DOE five years ago. I knew I had to go back to college to get degree to further my career. I immediately enrolled with Touro College for Applied Studies. I decided three years ago that I want to help children with their problems. I am currently in school acquiring a degree in Human Services. By the end of my internship and by continuing with my education I will have chosen my right vocation, receiving a master’s degree in becoming a Guidance Counselor within the DOE. My supervisor, Mrs. Dailey was helpful to me during my internship. She was always eager to answer all my questions I had. I felt comfortable speaking with her. I knew I could approach her at any time, and she would stop what she was doing to show me, she always gave me her full attention. She always treated me as an equal staff member. I learned that being a teacher and supervisor to my students is a lot harder than I thought. I had to make the class fun, interesting and comfortable. My students had no problem voicing their opinions on what they didn’t like. We decided as a group what arts and crafts projects would be done, what books would be read, and what board games would be played. I felt involving the students showed them that their opinions mattered to me. The staff members treated me with respect and kindness. They gave me advice and included my students in projects and parties. They offered me help without me asking for it. We worked well as a team and knew we could count on each other. The students were friendly and happy to welcome me. If I saw them outside of SFBB, they would come up to me to say hello. I looked forward to volunteering each week. It was a wonderful environment to work in because of the staff and the students. I really enjoyed working with the children very much, and of course Mrs. Dailey as well. I learned a lot about things like teaching arts and crafts projects, assisting with the homework, and doing the other extra-curricular activities. I think that this type of internship work was very beneficial. I do not regret for one second taking part in this internship. I am very thankful to have been able to do something such as this, and I believe it helped me to narrow my mind in the decisions I will make for my future in college. It was definitely a good start to broadening my horizons. Research Papers on Internship at Bildersee Beacon BrooklynStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Spring and AutumnThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

First an Emoji, Now a Suffix

First an Emoji, Now a Suffix First an Emoji, Now a Suffix First an Emoji, Now a Suffix By Maeve Maddox A writer at Business Insider begins his report on Merriam-Webster’s â€Å"word of the year† by saying, Merriam-Websters word of the year  is actually a suffix: -ism. Actually, ism has been used as a noun in English since 1680, when a critic referred to Milton as â€Å"the great Hieroglyphick of Jesuitism, Puritanism, Quaquerism, and of all Isms from Schism.† As defined in the OED, an ism is â€Å"a form of doctrine, theory, or practice having, or claiming to have, a distinctive character or relation: chiefly used disparagingly, and sometimes with implied reference to schism.† However, it does seem that whoever chose ism as â€Å"word of the year† was thinking of it as a suffix and not as a word. The M-W spokesman explained that the suffix was proclaimed â€Å"word of the year† because several nouns ending in it were the object of dictionary searches during 2015: socialism, terrorism, fascism, racism, feminism. Even if the M-W selection is a suffix and not a word, I find it more acceptable than Oxford’s 2015 choice of an emoji. At least -ism is made up of letters and is pronounceable. The word ism was used in reference to religious creeds such as Methodism, Catholicism, and Arianism up until the early nineteenth century. Later it was used in reference to political or social thought. In a citation dated 1820, Thomas Carlyle includes a political creed, Whiggism, as an example of an ism. In 1864, an ism can be â€Å"an untried social theory.† In 1928, Shaw wrote of â€Å"proletarian Isms.† Unlike most other suffixes, -ism is easy to use as a noun because it can be equated with the nouns doctrine and creed. As a suffix, however, -ism creates nouns with varying meanings. Here are the different uses, based on the entry for -ism in the OED: 1. The suffix -ism is used to form a simple noun of action, usually formed from a verb in -ize. It names the process or the completed action. For example, baptism, criticism, exorcism, mechanism, and plagiarism. 2. The suffix -ism can be used to form nouns that express the action or conduct of a class of persons or the condition of a person or thing. For example, (action/conduct) heroism, patriotism, despotism; (condition) barbarism, orphanism, medievalism. 3. The suffix -ism forms nouns that name a system of theory or practice, religious, philosophical, political, social, etc. For example, Buddhism, Calvinism, Liberalism, and Protestantism. 4. The suffix -ism is used to form class names or descriptive terms for doctrines or principles. For example, altruism, atheism, deism, egotism, and jingoism. 5. The suffix -ism is used to form a term that denotes a peculiarity or characteristic, especially of language. For example, Americanism, Anglicism, Gallicism, Latinism, Scotticism, and Southernism. In recent years, as society has become deeply concerned with issues of discrimination, still another use has been found for the suffix -ism: a. forming nouns with the sense â€Å"belief in the superiority of one [class or group] over another.† For example, racism, sexism, speciesism, etc. b. forming nouns with the sense â€Å"discrimination or prejudice against on the basis of [some characteristic]. For example, ageism, bodyism, genderism, weightism, etc. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†10 Techniques for More Precise WritingContinue and "Continue on"

The Pillars of Policing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

The Pillars of Policing - Dissertation Example Through the use of the first pillar of helping to create a safe and secured environment the police department focuses on activities like tracking criminals, curbing criminal and vandalistic activities in the region and efficiently dealing with incidents of significant criticality. The second pillar of policing helps Sussex Police in making them better visible and approachable by the general public. Through this pillar the police department of Sussex endeavors to closely knit their activities with different communities to perform in a proactive manner. This practice also helps the police department to retrieve quality information and responses from the people which thereby helps them in curbing crimes. The third pillar is used by the police force to make efficient and optimal use of the human and financial resources of the police organization to effectively track down the criminal operations of the region. (Three Pillars, n.d.). The police force of Scotland operates on the basis of fi ve basic principles to promote a safer region for the citizens to dwell in. These operational principles or the pillars of Scotland police consist of acts like safeguarding the society from criminal activities, breaking the network of drug trafficking, reassuring the general people that they are safe through the conducting of patrolling operations, prioritizing the safety of the road environment for the driving and daily commuters, and finally helping the police force to become increasingly advanced and trained to handle complexities. (Central Scotland Police, n.d.). Similarly the community policing activities of United Kingdom are also based on eight operational pillars which can be enumerated as follows. The first operational pillar of community policing is to reduce the rate of criminal activities and the rate of disorderliness in the region. Secondly the actions of the police must be conducted of, by and for the general public and not for the sake of meeting operational guidelin es. Public approval for police operations is highly essential for reducing the former’s conflicts with the administration. Thirdly following the above context the police administration of a region must reflect a high amount of honor for the citizens of a country in desiring them to abide by the rule of the land. Fourthly the police administration of a country must endeavor to minimize the use force on making the people abide by the rules of the land physical torture affects the cooperative mechanism of the society with the administration. The fifth operational pillar of community policing states however justifies the use of force when all other arbitration mechanisms fail to reduce public tension. Sixthly more specifically the police system in the society must visualize itself as a key force in restoring safety and harmony in the community and thus be socially accountable. Seventhly the operational pillar also holds that the police system must not augment its potential throug h judicial involvement but must depend on its own actions. Finally in the eighth position the operational pillar holds that measurement of true efficiency of the police force is done on by observing the rate of absence of crime and social disorder and not merely the police’s actions related to such. (Special Feature: Historical Perspective, n.d.). The paper in this context draws a comparison of the police actions of United Kingdom with that of United States. The Police system in United

Water- soluble vitamin Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water- soluble vitamin - Coursework Example Development of the bones is also affected and renal stones can also result due to vitamin c toxicity. Answer 2. Thiamin forms an essential component of the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates and it functions actively in the form of thiamin pyrophosphate in the metabolic processes including glycolysis, krebs cycle and the hexose monophosphate shunt. Riboflavin exists in the form of FAD and FMN and assists in energy generation from the carbohydrates, proteins as well as fats via the Krebs cycle as well as the electron transport chain. Niacin functions in the form of NAD and NADP and it is essential for up to two hundred reactions in the human body out of which the major reactions are the dehydrogenase ones. For proteins, it works for their modification following translation and for carbohydrates it assists in the reactions of glycolysis. Vitamin b6 exists mainly as pyridoxal phosphate and its main function is tin the biochemical conversion of one type of amino acid to another one. Answer 3. Beri beri which results due to thiamin deficiency is a serious condition because it affects the major systems of the body including the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system. Its results in an increase in heart size and in nervous system issues like convulsions. It also results in reduced tone in the muscles. Pellagra which is a deficiency disorder of niacin is also serious because it is characterized by loss of memory which may be irreversinle as well as severe disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract. Skin lesions are also present and in extreme cases the patients may die. Answer 4. Vegetarians are most likely to be at risk for the b vitamin deficiency diseases. This is because animal sources contain the b vitamins and only selected plant sources contain all of these vitamins. An example is vitamin b12 which is only present in the animal food sources.   Answer 5. Dementia

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Example for Free

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Lying generally is a bad habit. Sometimes, lying helps people to avoid problems without harming other while in other cases it causes disastrous effects. In this essay I will explain why do people lie and what are the effects of this bad habit on individuals and society. Reasons of telling lies are wide and complicated. People start telling lies because that gives them a specialty. They can pretend that they know things nobody else knows in order to receive something in return. For example: an employee lies to his boss in order to get a promotion or a wife lies to her husband in order to take his money. Other people lie to avoid getting into trouble or punishment. see more:explain how person centred thinking can be used within a team This kind of people does not harm others but they cover embarrassing facts in front of others. For example, a kid lies to his mother in order to avoid her anger. Whatever the reason, lies have negative impact on individuals and society. Liar becomes a mistrusted person and his long-term credibility is at risk. Consequently, he is less likely to be believed in future if he was found out. Persons who are lied to also suffer if they found out because they feel they were deceived and treated as person who does not deserve the truth. As a result they may seek revenge. Social cohesion will be affected also from this bad habit. Lying may become an accepted practice in some places. It becomes harder for people to trust each other or the institutions of society. As a conclusion, although some lies do not affect individuals or society, telling lies becomes easy habit and then people start telling harmful lies.

The Tempest, a Brave New World; or just a sad goodbye? Essay -- essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the years there has been much debate as to whether Shakespeare’s The Tempest is an Allegory to European colonization and colonial life, or if it is his â€Å"farewell to the stage† with a complete overview of the stage and a compilation of all of his characters into a few, in which the playwright himself being presented as Prospero. Is The Tempest an allegory to European colonization, or is it Shakespeare, presenting his formal farewell to the stage?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many believe that Shakespeare, personified his character into Prospero, because Prospero ultimately created the entire plot of the play with his magic, which he obtained shortly after being marooned on the island. Because The Tempest was one of only two of Shakespeare’s works that were entirely original, one could see why this would be the easiest position to take; after all, Prospero basically writes the play himself, by creating a complicated plot to regain his dukedom from which he was usurped. He also controls every character in the play, some with loving relationships, some with just the opposite. â€Å"Watching† Prospero create and work through the play, is almost like watching the playwright write the play, from start to finish. His extremely manipulative control over all characters in the play, and his delicate and sometimes hard to understand strategy in â€Å"capturing† the king is symbolized in the end in which Miranda and Ferdinand are revealed playing chess. Because of this, his dukedom is surrendered back to him, for which matter he also surrenders his magic in order to fit in with the world which he is about to rejoin after twelve years. This play very much does show the magic and ability to create anything in the world of theatre, even a barren theatre like the Globe, before the wonders of technology could create special effects and realistic scenery. This is ironic because the vivid descriptions that the characters give of the island, whether good or bad, are not achievable through primitive scenery as there was in Shakespeare’s day, so therefore are left up to the audience for interpretation. For instance: Adr: Though this island be desert†¦ Uninhabitable and almost inaccessible†¦ The air breathes upon us here the most Seb: As if it had lungs, and rotten ones Ant: Or as if t’were perfumed by a fen Gon: How lush and lusty the grass looks, How G... ... They then created all of the colonies, which became the states we know today. This particular scene illustrates this very well. In October of 1996, the archaeologists on Jamestown Island discovered a ring with the signet of William Strachey, a man who wrote a letter to a woman in England in 1610 concerning the islands off the coast of Bermuda. It is believed that this letter may have made it into the hands of Shakespeare, from which he acquired very descriptive information about the islands, and the colonization of them. It described the English treatment of natives, and a shipwreck that Strachey was in that marooned him there. (Andrews 1) In this letter, he described in detail a similar shipwreck, as well as an island almost identical to the one Shakespeare chose to maroon his characters on in the play. (Andrews 1) In conclusion, one can clearly see, that although Shakespeare may have used the Tempest as his farewell in a sense, and used it to describe himself as Prospero, the evidence supports the claim much more strongly that he was simply creating a magical, mystical, allusion to the European colonization of the 15th century, and that he did so in an almost satirical manner.

A Great Man

January 4, 1643 is the time when our great mathematician and physicist, Isaac Newton, was born. His hometown was Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. His father was a noble farmer but unfortunately he died before Isaac Newton was born. After his father’s death, his mother was married again, thus he was left with his grandparent’s custody. He went to Cambridge University to study in 1661. During that year, he became interested in various fields including mathematics. He was also become interested in optics, astronomy and physics but in 1665 a plague epidemic came in the University that forces Newton to go back to his hometown.During his two years in Cambridge, he already thought about gravity and in fact began to study optics and mathematics particularly calculus. After the plague, he returned to Cambridge. He became a second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. In 1668, he made a reflecting telescope which attracts the attention of the scientific community and eventually h e became a member of the famous Royal Society. His passion in optics and science was manifested by his series of experiments in the composition of light which resulted to the discovery of the various behavior of light.He published â€Å"The Opticks† which consists of concepts of light and color1704. Aside from â€Å"The Opticks†, he also published several paper works in history, theology and alchemy. One of his greatest works is the â€Å"Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica† (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). This works is all about how force and gravity were applied to all objects in the universe. In 1689, he was elected to become the MP for Cambridge University and in 1696; he became the warden of the Royal Mint in London.In 1703, he was elected as the President of the Royal Society. Before he died, he has contributed a lot of concepts, discoveries, theories and ideas on different field such as optics, physics, astronomy and mathematics. His interest in mathematics was first manifested during his undergraduate year in Cambridge University. During this time he became accustomed to various mathematical works of several mathematicians like Descartes and John Wallis. His works in mathematics include the proof and improvement of the so called â€Å"binomial theorem†.Newton was not first to discover the formula ((a + b) n) behind the binomial theorem. In fact an Islamic mathematician namely al-Karaji made a binomial coefficient table up to n=5. Also, another Muslim mathematician namely Omar Khayyam established a method of finding nth roots using the binomial expansion. Also in Europe, a century ago, Blaise Pascal has presented his concepts of how to generate binomial coefficients. Those discoveries by various mathematicians, including Pascal, were only applicable to positive values of n.Newton on the other hand, discovered the formula for (a+b)n that would work for any real. He arrived at this formula: (a+b)n = an + nan-1b + [n(n-1)an-2b2] / 2! + [n(n-1)(n-2)an-3b3] / 3! + . . . + bn His finding about the binomial expansion was; for values of n element of the interval (-1, 1), the formula (a+b)n generates an infinite, converging series. Newton’s discovery of binomial expansion/series was a great help in calculating pi ( ). As we all know, a binomial series recurs repeatedly which becomes a very useful instrument for mathematical analysis.The method of fluxions was Newton’s greatest discovery in calculus. In 1671, two years before Leibnitz established his own concepts about calculus, Newton started to study fluxions which is basically include concepts, notations and ideas on Calculus. His works on calculus was well established during 1665 in which he presented symbolisms for partial derivatives which is now an important method in calculus. The idea of binomial theorem and knowledge about infinite series gave Newton a solid idea on derivatives and integrals of functions.As a resu lt of his studies, he showed that integral and derivatives can be expressed as a binomial expansion of infinite series particularly the power series. Newton discussed and solved problem using Method of fluxions. The problems include differentiation of algebraic function, integration of algebraic functions using inverse method, first-order differential equations, optimization problem which includes the locating the maxima and minima of a given function and lastly drawing tangent line of functions at any point. Moreover, with the aid of fluxion, Newton developed a geometric idea of â€Å"first and last† ratio of lines.In 1660, Newton became interested to study the nature of light and vision. In fact because of his fascination on light, he actually stared directly on the sun and poked the sides of his eyeballs by a small knife to observe activities and behavior of light and which risked blinding himself. These kinds of wild experiments and other sensible ones gave way to the for mulation of theories about nature, behavior of the spectrum of light. Furthermore, Newton made its great leap in the scientific world when he published his â€Å"New Theory about Light and Colors† in the Royal Society’s journal.As a result of his various experiments, he forced to conclude that Light is a heterogeneous mixture of refrangible rays meaning light is not a homogenous entity. When he passed a white light on a glass prism, he observed that spectrum of colors were formed in opposite walls which explained the property of light known as refraction. In line with the study of optics, he constructed a reflecting telescope, the first, to overcome the distortions of chromatic dispersion. One of his greatest contributions in the field of physics was his Law of Universal Gravitation.Isaac Newton made a comparison of the moon acceleration to the object’s acceleration on Earth. He believed that gravitational forces were accountable for the acceleration of each oth er. He made a vital conclusion that gravity depends mainly on distance. From his comparison, he concluded that the gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and other objects is inversely proportional to distance between the center of the earth and the object. In other words, if the object is near the center of the earth, the gravitational force of attraction is high and vise versa.But there are other factors, aside from distance that affects the magnitude of the gravitational force. Newton knew that mass is the other factor that affects the gravity or acceleration of an object. Another important conclusion was drawn and that the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the object is directly proportional to the mass of the object. Newton’s law of universal gravitation was applied outside earth, hence gravity is really universal. With this finding, Newton was included in the gravity hall of fame. Also, with the aid of Law of Universal Gravitation, the three laws of motion were formulated.The formulation of these three laws, particularly the second law of motion allows numerical computations of how velocity changes when force acts on it. Newton left several manuscripts and paper works about alchemy and chemistry. Most of these were part of books, bibliographies, dictionaries and many other sources however; we could count in our fingers the original one from them. He began his experiments in 1669. He wanted to know the truth about alchemical obscurity and mysticism and the nature of and structure of all matter that he believed that God created all of these.Newton’s notable contribution on chemistry is his publication of an incomplete theory of chemical force. One of his written works is Opticks, which is first written in English. This was his most remarkable works on theories in light and color. In Opticks, he proved and explained through experiment and logical reasoning and which includes numerous axioms, theorems, propositional state ments and lots of definitions. He integrated his mathematical reasoning in his works and eventually Opticks turned out to be the basis of all experimental physics.The Opticks contained findings that light like sound is composed of waves. He obtained several criticisms from other scientist like Robert Hooke and Christian Huygens. But Newton insisted that light was composed of discrete particles that move in straight lines. Furthermore, Newton combined the ideas that light is a particle and at the same time a wave. Again, from this result he received criticisms from Hooke and other scientists. Principia, his most remarkable, notable work and considered his masterpiece was divided in three books.The first book of the Principia contains eight definitions and three axioms. The three axioms were later known as the Three Laws of Motion. These laws were the main parts of Book I of Principia and in fact all discussions of Newton in his Book I were based on these. In the Book II of Principia, he tacked motion of fluids and other bodies. On this book, he questioned Descartes and Kepler ideas about the vortex theory. In his Book III which was subtitled the System of the World, he showed how he arrived on his famous Law of Universal Gravitation.The Principia was considered the most influential and greatest scientific piece during Newton’s era. His laws of motion and universal gravitation were his two most popular discoveries but Newton still believes that there is a supreme being that governs and makes these phenomena possible and that is God. Newton was a religious person. In fact he has written more on religion than in natural science. As a summary, Newton was a remarkable scientist in the history of the world making remarkable scientific advancements and discoveries in mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, chemistry and even in the religion.In mathematics, he contributed a lot of ideas on analytical geometry, algebra and calculus. His discovery of the binomial formula and method of fluxions were very significant in the advancement of various topics in mathematics. In physics, astronomy and optics, he made several findings and discoveries like the theories of light, Universal gravitation, laws of motion, ideas on fluid mechanics and invention of reflecting telescope. His book, â€Å"Opticks†, became the basis of many experiments in physics because of the employment of scientific method in his own experiments.Newton also has some contribution in alchemy and chemistry although some written works were in question. Newton was a great mathematician, a great physicist, a great astronomer and a great believer of God. Although all his works were scientific, he did deny the existence of a divine being. He was really a religious person and I think this was the reason why Sir Isaac Newton was successful in his career. We owed a lot to Newton so let us thanked him for his great contribution in humanity. Work Cited â€Å"Hatch, Robert A. † 1999. Sir Isaac Newton. 1 December 2007, . â€Å"Henderson, Tom†. 2007. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. 1 December 2007, . Newton, Sir Isaac. 1 December 2007, . Sir Isaac Newton's Invention of the Calculus Fluxions and Infinite Series. 1 December 2007, . â€Å"Smoller, Laura. † June 2001. Applications: Web-Based Precalculus. 1 December 2007 < http://ualr. edu/lasmoller/newton. html >.

A Taste of Honey

Shelagh Delaney was the author of the play A Taste of Honey. She was born in Broughton, Salford where she attended her three primary schooling. Her ambition was always to write that is why at her early age, she began writing. Unfortunately, the performance of Delaney was fair only as seen in her achievements in the early part of her career. She was not known for her writing that is why she focuses on how to develop her writing skills (McCully).Delaney was a late bloomer in terms of her development in writing skills. In fact, when she started writing her novel, A Taste of Honey, she realized that it will be better to transform the novel into a play. Then eventually, the written novel was changed into a play.The main story of the play focused on a teen-aged working class girl refuses to conform to her dreary surroundings. The play tells the viewer typical social problems of Britain like poverty. The play director, Joan Littlewood, suggested that the play must be portrayed by a simple o r typical girl which the director based it from what the novel wants to impart to the audience.SUMMARYBefore going to the analytical and deep discussion on the play A Taste of Honey, it is better to summarize first the play. The main characters of the play are Josephine, Helen, Peter, The Boy, and Geoffrey.The Boy is a black sailor who was in love with Josephine but did not seen much in the play. Before he goes to the sea were he intended to leave for six months, he asked Josephine to marry him and gave her a ring as a sign of his love to her. From the play, The Boy impregnates Josephine.     Helen is the mother of Josephine. At the beginning of the play, she and her daughter had moved into a chilly and unclean flat house. Josephine was the product of Helen’s brief relation to a man who had divorced her eventually.The character of Helen was a hardened, middle-aged, working class alcoholic mother, while Peter is a young, wealthy man from London who was the reason why Helen leaves her daughter to start a new life. And the last main character is Geoffrey, a homosexual who happened to be Josephine’s roommate after she moved to another place. Geoffrey is the one who take care Josephine when she is still pregnant (Delaney).  The story is all about the adolescent of a normal girl, Josephine, a young working-class girl, is left alone and pregnant when her saloon-frequenting mother runs off to get married, and her lover, a Black sailor, returns to duty never to be seen again, but she finds help and friendship with Geoffrey, a homosexual art student.The stages of adolescenceThe purpose of this paper is to have a deep analysis or critical review about the play and focusing on the stages of adolescences of the main character who is Josephine.We know that all of us will undergo the stage of adolescence. Males and females have different stage or development periods just to say they are going or undergoing on the adulthood. The adolescence period is one o f the struggle and sometimes turmoil as the adolescent strives to develop a personal identity and achieve a successful transition from childhood to adulthood (Estes).The above paragraph shows the true meaning of adolosence period in a more technical or scientific manner. Though this can be considered for this paper, but I think what is more important to analyze are the changes that undergoes an adolescent in terms of psychological, mental, social and cultural changes. The psychological, cognitive and social changes associated with adolescences are the most complex and profound in any development period.Physical and sexual maturities are reached during adolescence with girls tending to experience both puberty and growth spurt earlier than boys. Although Josephine had a sexual relation with The Boy, this cannot be associated only with the sexual maturity of Josephine but more deep which is the social and emotional condition of Josephine when she decided to have sexual relation. This p art will be discussed as we go along the way.A normal adolescence period will have developed increasingly sophisticated cognitive and interpersonal skills, test out adult roles and behaviors and begin to explore educational and occupational opportunities that will significantly influence future adult work life and socioeconomic status. In the case of Josephine, her personal strength was tested when she was left by her mother in exchange to the wealthy man.Josephine strived not only for herself but also for her child who is still in her womb. Josephine had learned to deal with other people in order to survive from the harsh environment. She first met The Boy who had shown affection for Josephine. In adolescence period, there will come a time that we will be attracted to the opposite sex and this what Josephine experienced in the middle part of the play.They both had a short affair. Due to alienation and loneliness, she decided to have sex relation with The Boy. There are many reasons why a person undergoing adolescence period wants to engage into sex. Some is for the physical and sexual maturity while others is because they have some emotional and social problems and thought that having sex will eliminate all these problems. In the case of Josephine, I think she has deeper purpose why she decided have sex and not only for physical maturity (Savage).I think the main reason why Josephine had undergone a not so normal adolescence stage is because her abnormal social and economic status of their family. Single parent is one of the sensitive issues in our society because it concerns children physical, mental, and emotional development. From the play, Josephine has single-parent households.We know for the fact that our parents are the ones who have the major responsibility in caring, teaching and nurturing the values needed in our development as a child and as adulthood (Belcastro). They are the one who will guide and stand behind us in every steps, decisions, choice s as well our falls. Without them, there can only be two ways where we will go, the right way or the wrong way.If the personality of the person is weak, then he or she will be easily go to the wrong path of adolescence period while if the person does not being hindered by many physical, emotional and social problems, then he or she can overcome all these and will go to the right path.These problems that were represented from the play were all good picture of what the country, Great Britain, is experiencing when Delaney wrote it. I think the author want to emphasize every problem to the viewers and internalize on how to deal with these. The author wants to impart or educate on what is really happening in their society. This is like a call to response on these problems on which she used the abnormal stage of adolescence.

buy custom Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co essay

buy custom Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co essay I find it interesting that Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. wanted to invest over 90 million dollars in a communist governed country that had already invested over 1 billion dollars for the previous three years (since 1995) on milling capacity on the still unstable sugar cane industry in 1998. The risk exposure of investing to the magnitude of 10% capacity on an unstable industry in a communist country (Vietnam) is absurd. The fact that Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. wanted to commit to a 90 million dollar mill with a 50% loan start up capital from international finance corporation in agriculture branch, at a time when already a majority of existing mills in Vietnam started by government backed credit terms, infrastructure subsidies and other easy credit facilities and were still unable to meet the interest payments with others unable to remain financially solvent and had to ofer lower prices for cane. A majority of mills were unable to attract enough cane to be viable. It is unfathomable that, Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. wanted to follow the same failed concept. The market environment was unsuitable for business at the period of Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. Investment interests, because the imports were 50% to 70% cheaper than locally produced sugar, making Vietnam an almost insufficient sugar production country. Smuggling of imports was also at its height making the investment environment tremendously unattractive. Social returns differ from private returns in that social returns is the social impact of the private investment on the community at a social level, for example, creation of jobs, infrastructure development, social amenities and other general impacts. Private returns are the advantages acquired by the investor, for example, wider markets, efficient and effective production and better profits to the investment company. (Esty B.C, 2004) Social returns and private returns are essential to assess by private companies aspiring to invest in a region so as to weigh the viability of investing in that area. Commonly assessed by all organization involved in the investment so as to ensure the investment is fair to all parties. i.e. The company investing, and the region of interest, for example, in this scenario Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. had requested a loan from international finance corporation, and before international finance corporation could grant the loan they had to assess (both Social returns and private returns) the impact of the investment by Nghe an Tate Lyle Sugar Co. on the region. The main stake holders were Henry Tate, Abram Lyle and International Finance Corporation. (Publishing, W. S, 2008) Buy custom Nghe an Tate & Lyle Sugar Co essay

CBA Leads Bank Share Price Correction

The article is entitled â€Å"CBA leads bank share price correction† is analysed in this report. The article primarily discuss how share price has plunged deeper in the major banks into correction territory following a weak trading update arising from Commonwealth Bank disclosing increasing costs, narrowing margin of profit and escalating loan losses. It indicates that CBA has agonized its sharpest day-to-day share price plunged ever since global financial crisis. CBA’s shared price plummeted 5.9% to 82.98 dollars culminating to a further worsened investor sentiments. This followed a third-quarter unchanged profit report by CBA remain constant at $2.2 billon. This plunged has adversely affected CBA’s competitors including Westpac, NAB, and ANZ Banking Group. The article concludes that the next immediate teething problem for the sector is profit result for NAB merged with 3 big 4 trading ex-dividend over the following week. The accounting theory used in this analysis is Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)-semi strong form (SSF). EMH describes an investment theory that posits it is not possible to ‘beat the market† due to stock market efficiency that makes available share prices to incorporate as well as reflect every relevant information. Stock trade always at their fair value on stock exchanges which make it an impossibility for investors to buy undervalued stocks and sell stocks for exaggerated prices (Chi, Tripe & Young, 2014). Hence, it remains an impossibility to outperform the entire market via expert stock selection and market timing. The investor can solely likely to acquire higher returns through the purchase of riskier investments. SSF implies every public information is computed into current share price of stock implying neither fundamental nor technical examinations can be utilized to accomplish superior returns. Hence, solely information hidden from the public is suggested to benefit the investors looking to earn abnormal ROI as every other information remains accounted. There is a direct relationship between the share price plunge and the information availed to the public by the Commonwealth Bank (CB) which is what SSF posited above. The plunge in shares in leading banks plunged deeper into correction territory only following a weak trading update given by the CB. This indicates that the public had the information that costs were rising, profit margins were narrowing and the loans losses were rising. According to SSF, every information available to the public is accounted for in the stock prices and no amount of technical or fundamental analysis gives superior returns. This describes why the investors used CB’s update to punish the shares in CBA thereby plunging 5.9%. Indeed, CLSA Brian Johnson confirmed this hypothesis by stating that investors had already seized on the bad news of CBA relating to margins, bad loans and costs. Moreover, the David Ellis confirmed the SSF hypothesis by stating that the investors used the information thereby flocking to banks to exploit their huge dividends as bank shares were being sold off due to increasing yields hence ‘yield trade’. It is also believed that investors could be starting to question whether the fundamentals could justify the hideously expensive valuation, anchored on measures like price-to-earnings as well as price-to-book ratios. This means that the investors are aware of the SSF hypothesis that takes into calculation all public information into present stock share price and hence fundamental analysis cannot be applied to achieve gains by banks (Leuthold & Hartmann, 2013). Due to EMH, the investors behaved in the manner above because they believed that the market remains ubiquitous and, therefore, no quantity of analysis could assist them achieve alpha returns (Groenewold, 2012). Thus, because market is a reflection of its participants, the market is, therefore, all knowing, and becomes unbeatable. It knows the right value to assign to a given stock as stated by EMH. This explains the above plunges in bank share prices (Aitken, Almeida & McInish, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚   From the above information, it has been demonstrated that the share prices have extremely plunged due to the update by the Commonwealth Bank. This supports the EMH-semi strong form which posit that all publicly available information is accounted for and hence no degree of technical or fundamental analysis can help investors acquire alpha returns (Schenone, 2014). Aitken, M., Almeida, N., & McInish, T. H. (2013). Financial analysts and price discovery. Accounting & Finance, 48(1), 1-24. Chi, J., Tripe, D. W., & Young, M. R. (2014). Do exchange rates affect the stock performance of Australian Banks?. Available at SSRN 965599. Groenewold, N. (2012). Share market efficiency: tests using daily data for Australia and New Zealand. Applied Financial Economics, 7(6), 645-657. Leuthold, R. M., & Hartmann, P. A. (2013). A semi-strong form evaluation of the efficiency of the hog futures market. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61(3), 482-489. Schenone, C. (2014). The effect of banking relationships on the firm's IPO underpricing. The Journal of Finance, 59(6), 2903-2958.

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers Dissertation

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers ..A Case Study of China's C Information Technologies Co - Dissertation Example Moreover, Maslow’s motivational theory is used in understanding the motivation for improved performance within C Information Technologies Ltd. More importantly, the evaluation and discussion of factors affecting the performance of individuals and the strategies used by companies to improve performance are analysed and discussed within the paper. Introduction and Background The human resource function of contemporary organizations has revealed an increased focus on performance management for IT employees. Wikina (2008, p. 19) explains that this is attributed to the increased competitiveness within various markets and the changes in work activities which emanate from the advancement of information and communication technology. Performance management involves employee evaluation within the IT department which acts as a guideline for the needs of employees for skills, knowledge and abilities that will allow them to improve their productivity and performance at the work place (Gheo rghe & Hack, 2007, p. 17). China is a very competitive and rapidly growing economy especially within the IT sector. In addition, companies operating in China have experienced tremendous changes in the recent past which are related to the changing business environment and the demand for IT expertise. It is because of these challenges that most organizations and companies within China have demonstrated an increased regard for performance improvement for IT staff through employee development and training. This paper presents a report on the investigation on performance improvement among IT project management workers within C Information Technologies Ltd. The Chinese company acts as a case study for this investigation which is aimed at achieving a deeper understanding of the process of performance management as it is applicable within this company. More specifically, the study will achieve an analysis and evaluation of the characteristics of the company’s IT staff such as skills and attitudes towards work. This analysis will be conjugated with a study on the various factors which affect the performance of the C Information Technologies Ltd.’s IT staff with a view of determining the need for improvement. Furthermore the paper explores past literature on the topic to analyse and discuss the factors affecting performance management and the best strategies of improving the performance of the IT project workers within the IT industry. More significantly though is the fact that this study applies scientific methodology approach in meeting the following research questions and objectives. Objectives of the Study 1. To explore upon the theoretical framework on incentives and motivation of IT project staff which contributes to improved performance 2. To find out the important factors which affect job performance of IT project staff 3. To determine the most effective techniques and strategies in performance management which will improve the performance of IT pr oject staff within C Information Technologies Ltd. Research Questions 1. What are the performance characteristics of IT project staff within C Information Technologies Ltd? 2. What theoretical framework describes the motivations and incentives behind the level of performance among the c C Information Tec

Voting Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voting Right - Essay Example However, in the years since the words of the Declaration of Independence were put to parchment, the Supreme Court has, more often than not, shown that it will uphold the status quo of society, and deny the right to vote to women and those of minorities, rather than affirming and advancing it. Though there have been some instances of advancement occurring, they are not as plentiful as those that do not. The list of cases for both protection and denial of voting rights spans not only decades of history, but could also span volumes of pages. As always with multiple examples, there are those that best exemplify things, and I believe that the cases of United States v. Reese in 1876 as well as Minor v. Happersett in 1874 are the best examples of the Supreme Court denying voting rights, while the cases of Smith v. Allwright in 1944 and Baker v. Carr in 1962 are the best examples of both advancing the right to vote and ensuring protection for it. Both United States v. Reese and Minor v. ... In United States v. Reese, an election inspector, Hiram Reese, had refused to allow William Garner, who was an African-American, to vote in a Lexington, Kentucky election, due to the fact that he had not paid a poll tax of $1.50. In Minor v. Happersett Mrs. Virginia Minor, leader of the suffrage movement for women in Missouri, brought suit against a registration officer when he refused to add her name to the list of registered voters, due to her gender. Garner alleged that he had attempted to pay the poll tax and had been refused, while Mrs. Minor alleged that she was a citizen, and all citizens had the right to vote, therefore she had the right to vote. The Supreme Court in United States v. Reese ruled that the Fifteenth Amendment â€Å"does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone†, meaning that just because he was African American did not mean that Garner had the right to vote. The result of this case was that states were able to continually deny the vote to African Ame ricans, not based on race, but on other requirements such as literacy and nonpayment of poll taxes. In Minor v. Happersett, the Supreme Court went further, stating that though the Fourteenth Amendment gave all citizens the right to vote, and Mrs. Minor was indeed a citizen, the Constitution did not specifically give women the right to vote. This decision was all the more ridiculous because the Constitution did not provide for many things that had since come into existence in the United States and had worked quite well, yet women were still denied the right to vote because it did not exist in the Constitution. Both of these cases are examples of the Supreme Court not only denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States, but acknowledging that legislation existed that could have

Impact of Globalisation on Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Impact of Globalisation on Toyota - Essay Example Globalisation has played a major part in the emergence of automobile industry and Toyota has been a leading name in the industry which has also been impacted due to globalisation. The paper will discuss and explore the characteristics or issues of globalisation along with its impact on Toyota. Theoretical Framework Globalisation does not have any definite or specific definition. According to Vogel (2010), â€Å"Globalisation is known as the domination of the world economy by multinational companies†. Free trade policies and practices have enabled these large corporation entities to operate their business globally further influencing world economy. Capitalist nations have been mostly benefitted by globalisation. Trade and multinational companies have been highly benefited as a result of globalisation (Vogel, 2010). Globalisation has influenced the political as well as technical environment of the world. However, globalisation can be termed as practice of trading among the natio ns through the operations of the internationally operating corporations. The exchange of goods and services were possible as globalisation enabled these companies to operate in various nations facing minimum friction (Martin Frost, 2011). The effect of globalisation was noticeable after the World War II. The monetary and corporative movement was highly noticeable after the World War II which can be marked as increasing pace towards globalisation. The advancement of technology, establishment of new organisations along with introduction of legal policies and establishment of legal systems are highly responsible for globalisation to flourish and develop. The characteristics of globalisation has... This research focuses upon Toyota that is considered to be amongst the largest car and vehicle manufacturing companies. The company operates its business in a global market and industry where intense competitions are observed. As a result of globalisation, the industry the company deals in is facing many emerging potential competitors from various nations. The advancement of technology has created huge demand in the markets. The advancement of technology has allowed better productions which are gaining demand in the market. Toyota has incorporated advanced technologies in the process of its manufacturing goods. Although, the efforts applied by the company need to be enhanced to cope up with increasing pace of globalisation and upgrading of technologies. The company needs to be actively involved in advancing the technologies it incorporates in manufacturing its goods. As the company is globally renowned, the expectations of the customers would grow with the expansion as well as increa sing impacts of globalisation. Toyota is recognised as an environmental friendly company. This has contributed in its image globally, adding to its brand image gaining company goodwill. With the help of various entry strategies accommodated by the company, it has been able to operate well in multiple nations. Being a Japan originated company, the company has been able to generate maximum of its profit from various European nations and the US as well.

Ethno Musicological Analysis of Music of a Greek Sub-Culture

Ethno Musicological Analysis of Music of a Greek Sub-Culture Rembetika is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. The aim of this dissertation will be to approach, explore, evaluate, and compare rembetika as cultural art expression and as heritage art expression. It will explore the roots of rembetika, the historical and political forces that influenced its development, and the changes that have transformed it into what it has become today. It will seek to address the question of how this Greek musical tradition managed to develop and survive on Turkish grounds. In addition, it will study the role that rembetika has played in Greek society, and explore what made this form such an important vehicle of expression for the people who lived during the years in which it flourished the most (the period after the Asia Minor Catastrophe).Finally, it will discuss the ethnomusicological aspects of rembetika by comparing it with the music of similar subcultures, such as fado,tango, and flamenco. Literature Review Researching rembetika has presented special challenges, as its acceptance into society is relatively recent. In addition, its existence as a legitimate subject of academic investigation is relatively new. The work of Gail Holst (later Holst-War haft) was tremendously helpful in researching rembetika, as her work spans a number of years. Her earlier writings are enthusiastic and passionate, although unfortunately much of the information she presented was not quite accurate, as the sources she relied on did not have the correct information to begin with. She discusses this in the preface to third edition Road to rembetika Her later writings, particularly the essayRebetika The Double-descended Deep Songs of Greece, are written in a much more scholarly fashion, and are carefully researched and documented. In general, her work was an invaluable resource. Elias Petropoulos book, Songs of the Greek Underworld: The Rebetika Tradition, was another helpful source. Petropoulos first-hand knowledge of the world of rembetika gives him an insiders perspective that is difficult to find in the literature that is available on this subject. As a source, however, it tends to be uneven, as the mythology of the rebates is intermingled with his notes on musical modes and lyrical style. In addition, some of the information is contradictory. For example, although Petropoulos asserts that the practitioners of rembetika were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Of course, over the course of doing this research, one is able to devise theories to explain this contradiction. As a marginalized people and members of a subculture, practitioners of rembetika were often vulnerable to authorities. This would certainly explain the fact that they spent a great deal of time in prison, since they would be persecuted for this and for their rebellious attitudes as well. In addition, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. Petropoulos also points out that lack of availability of rembetika records makes a thorough ethnomusicological analysis of rembetika as a musical form very difficult. He asserts that in order for there to be an initial compilation and transcription of songs, more resources would have to be made available. Petropoulos also states that as of 2000,there were no moves in this direction, although he points out that he has deposited all of his rembetika archives in the Gennady’s Library in Athens. Recent journal publications on the social and cultural aspects of rembetika, though not as plentiful as those available on more mainstream musical cultures, are generally well-researched and carefully documented. The work of Sand, Ste ingress, and Tunis were all very insightful. There is every indication that this is a growing field of study that merits further research. 1. Introduction The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society, and this is true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstream of which they are a part. As this paper intends to demonstrate, rembetika reflects the subculture of the people who shaped and developed it. Although it has become part of the modern culture not just of Greece, but also of the diaspora and, as Tunis has suggested, the wider multicultural world traditional rembetika is not truly reflection of todays society. It reflects back on an early time. Thus, in a sociological cultural framework, though rembetika still exists, the rembetika we know today is a reflection of a marginalized group or subculture that no longer truly exists. Rembetika, as defined earlier, is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. It is closely identified with a Greek subculture that developed after the incident known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe an event that changed the course of Greek history and affected the lives of the millions of refugees and immigrants who were forced to leave their homeland. Section 2 of this paper, The History of Rembetika, discusses rembetika music by placing it in a historical framework This is accomplished by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the musical form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. Also addressed are current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika. The section concludes with discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. Section 3 analyses the components of rembetika music form itself: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. The lyrics of all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, express a pervasive sense of loss. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable and eventually popular, levels. In terms of music, the melodies of rembetika conform to the modal types of Greek folk music as well as Turkish folk music, with strong ties to Byzantine church music. In addition, as Petropoulos points out, they have been influenced by a number of other sources which were brought to Greece by the gypsies. Therefore, the music also shows traces of influence from Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, southern Russia, the Caucasus, Syria, Egypt, and India (Petropoulos, 2000: 75). In Section 4, rembetika is analysed within a sociocultural framework. First is a discussion of the social acceptance of rembetika as it has waxed and waned over the years. Following this is a look at rembetika within an ethnomusicological framework in which it is compared to the music of similar subcultures, such as flamenco and fade. The ways in which rembetika music reflects Greek society are not simpleton determine, given the complex nature of its history. How, then, does one attempt to analyse rembetika music in order to understand it in a cultural sociological framework? Ste ingress offers a framework for doing this. He bases his theories on years of research on ethnic music styles associated with subcultures, including rembetika, as well as tango and flamenco styles. Using the data amassed from these studies, he offers a set of criteria by which each of these musical styles can be assessed. He also points out that traditional modes of study do not work for these non-traditional cultural forms, asserting that ethnocentric, nationalist or essentialist approaches to ethnic music-styles afford little insight into the social and cultural significance of postmodern popular art'(Ste ingress, 1998: 151). 2.. History of Rembetika This section discusses the history of rembetika music, placing it in ahistorical framework by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the art form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. It also addresses current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika, and presents a discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. 2.1.1 The Asia Minor Catastrophe Discussing the tragedy of the Greek-Turkey conflict, Holst-Warhaftwrites: so symbolic of tragedy is the defeat of the Greek forces in Asia Minor and the fire that destroyed Christian Smyrna in 1922, that it is simply referred to as The Catastrophe (Holst-War haft, 1972:114). Indeed, The Catastrophe was an event that forever altered the character of the newly independent country. In order to truly understand rembetika, one must understand the events that affected its development. The Catastrophe is one of them. According to the treaty of Sevres, Greece was accorded the right to occupy Smyrna. Despite the obvious difficulties this presented, the Greek army forged ahead and tried to do this in 1919 with the support of its allies. The apparent goal was to gain a foothold in Asia Minor; however, there was more involved than obtaining land to the Greeks. It was also a symbol, for most Greeks, of the cherished dream of recovering some part of their former Byzantine glory (Holst-Warshaft,1972: 114). Though initially things went well, the Greeks decided to march inland in an attempt to take Ankara. During this period, the French backed out, and eventually the Greeks were left to fend for themselves. The Greek army was forced to flee, joined by the Greek population of Smyrna Greeks who were unaccustomed to living in Greece. Thousands were killed in The Catastrophe, and the city of Smyrna was burned to the ground by the Turks (Barrett. Holst-War shaft, 1972). The outcome of the Turku-Greek war resulted in an international conference in which it was decided that a compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey should be put into place. This exchange was based solely on religion. Actual nationality was not considered at all. Hence, people who were Orthodox were considered Greek, and people who were Muslim were considered Turkish (Holst, 1983: 25). The effects of the Asia Minor Catastrophe were devastating and far-reaching. The refugees who had fled from Asia Minor were now penniless; in addition, they had left without a chance to take any belongings, so they were in a desperate state. Although they came from far more cultured, affluent land, when they relocated in Greece they were forced to live in poverty as inferior individuals. The huge and sudden increase in population led to the growth of huge shantytowns on the outskirts of Piraeus and Athens. It also created for the first time, as Holst-War shaft writes a sizable proletarian audience for songs that dealt with themes of poverty, nostalgia, hashish smoking, and low life. The expulsion of Asia Minor Christians also became enshrined in Greek popular culture as a metaphor for loss and grief'(Holst-War haft, 1998: 115). The refugees were literally living on the edge of Greek society. According to Holst, it was not surprising that many of them joined there bà ªtes or mange’s in their loosely organised sub-culture, or were attracted to the hashish-smoking takes, to which they were accustomed in Turkey (Holst, 1983: 27). This passage from Barrett explains the plight of the refugees with poignancy: Imagine yourself as a refugee. In Asia Minor you may have had business, a nice home, money, friends, family. But in the slums of Athens all you had was whatever you could carry with you out of Turkey, and your shattered dreams. You went from being in the middle class toeing underground in a foreign country that did not particularly want you. Rembetika was the music of these outcasts. The lyrics reflected their surroundings, poverty, pain, drug addiction, police oppression, prison, unrequited love, betrayal and hashish. It was the Greek urban blues. (Barrett, 2005: nap.) As stated above, the refugees hailed from a far more cosmopolitan environment. This, naturally, included the musicians, who brought with them a sophisticated level of skill. According to Holst-War haft, the influx of refugees had an impact on the music, and there was a revival of the oriental, or what would come to be called Smyrna-style music. According to Emery, the effect of these forced migrations was to shatter the previously existing social and economic structures of Greece. Classes and hierarchies that had existed in the diaspora communities were turned topsy-turvy in the bedlam of flight and the ensuing struggle for survival (2000: 19). Furthermore, the refuges were plagued by unemployment, since the sudden population explosion made employment opportunities scarce. Finally, the issue of racism created yet another set of pressures for the newly transfixed refugees(Emery, 2000: 19). So the violent break-up of traditional social structures was accompanied by another violence, in the ways in which social spaces and living conditions were organized for the newly arrived migrants’, writes Emery (2000: 19). Formerly productive members of a more sophisticated society, the refugees were now living in squalid conditions, suddenly impoverished and traumatised. Considering these conditions, the only options open to them for survival were prostitution and crime. If they sought their escape through hashish, it seems harsh to condemn. The fact they also sought escape through their music is something later generations can be thankful for. 2.1.2 The Language of Rembetika Holst addresses the issue of spelling in her Preface to the third edition of Road to Rembetika, noting that she is frequently asked why her transliteration of the Greek word Ï ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ± is rembetika, instead of the frequently-used rebetika that tends to be favoured by foreign scholars and researchers. Explaining that phonetically, the English bis at best a close approximation of the Greek ÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬, she asserts that there is a strong case for transliterating both rembetika andzembekiko with an m. That is the spelling that is used in this paper, except when quoting the material of others who use different variations. In those cases, the spelling of the original document prevails. In his introduction to Petropoulos book, Emery offers a number of possible derivations for the word term rembetika, which is alternately spelled rembetiko, rebetiko and rebetika. Like all subculture music’s, rebetika poses difficulties of classification ‘writes Emery, noting that individual rebetologists each have their own explanations (2000: 16). It is his estimation that the most likely derivation is from the old Turkish word rebut, which means of the gutter. Other possibilities offered by Emery include the term rebetasker, which is what the Turks used to refer to irregular troops, or people who defied authority. The Serbian word reebok, or rebel, is another possible source, as is the Hebrew rab, which is the root word for rabbi (2000: 16). Holst concurs that there is no certainty about the beginnings of the word. She explains that it is not known where it comes from, or when it was first used. What is no longer in doubt’, she asserts, is that the type of song usually termed rembetiko derives from or has its origins in an oral tradition where improvisation played an important part in both the music and the lyrics of the songs'(Holst, 1983: 2). Other words that are part of the language of rembetika include rebates(plural rebates; also rebates with the plural rebates). This word refers to the original practitioners of rembetika the men who actually lived the life and formed part of the sub-culture in which rembetika developed. The word mangas (plural mange’s) is close in definition; it also refers to members of the sub-culture, but they may or may not have been directly involved with rembetika. In addition, mange’s were generally part of the underworld (Holst, 1983: 13–14). 2.1.3. The Figure of the Rebates Petropoulos asserts that you cannot talk about the rebetiko song without first talking about the rebates (2000: 42). Though often associated with the underworld, this classification is not fair, and it is often untrue. Petropoulos makes clear the distinction that members of the underworld are usually considered as acting outside the law, while rebates, for the most part, existed with it. Here is his colourful description of the rebates: the rebates was careful to safeguard his personal freedom. The rebates detested bourgeois ways, consequently he did not marry. The rebates was a fighter. The rebates smoked hashish. The rebates knew how to use a knife. The rebates spoke in slang (2000:43). Petropoulos goes into great detail about the rebates. As for physical appearance, the rebates was usually slender with no sign of a belly’. His hair was often greased with brilliantine, and he would probably sport a single curl that would fall over his eyes. He would usually have a moustache, which would also be waxed. Use of body paint was common, as were tattoos. There was usually a specific tattoo on the back of one of his hands. He would walk with a lop-sided, rolling gait, his left shoulder raised, and moving only his right hand. The look would be heavy and vaguely threatening, the voice hoarse from much smoking of hashish (Petropoulos, 2000: 49). As for clothing, the rebates seem to have been very particular. Perhaps this was a way in which these displaced individuals, torn from their homes without possessions, were able to re-invent their identities in this strange new land. It may also have been a secret form of communication within the closed group. For example, they would wear black republican hat with a wide black band on days of mourning and also on days when enemies were to be killed. The rest of their outfit included a black jacket with ivory buttons that were never buttoned up, as well as a peculiar type of trousers. According to Petropoulos, the trouser-bottoms were so narrow that the rebates used to say that they needed a shoe horn to get them on, and had to soap their heels to get them off, although he does not offer an explanation for this (2000:51). The trouser legs were also turned up at the cuff. This was done to reveal a patch of red velvet that was sewn on the inside, precisely in the style of the kapadaides of Istanbul (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). This, again, suggests a sense of sartorial solidarity. Petropoulos also states that the rebates had a fondness for a certain type of yellow shirt and would also wear a red tie known as achasapikes, which resembled a bow tie. However, at the start of the twentieth century, they stopped wearing ties, considering them too bourgeois. They continued to wear a sort of cummerbund, however. This was called a sonar Although it seems that this item of clothing would also have been rejected as bourgeois, Petropoulos explains that, on the contrary, it was usually arranged with great care, since it was both a way of transmitting messages as well as a convenient hiding place for weapons. For example, one end of the sonar would hang down, and to tread on the trailing end of a toughs sonar was equivalent to laying down a challenge (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). The sonar was also, according to Petropoulos, the last remaining vestige of oriental influence on the rebates clothing. According to Petropoulos, the rebates would carry a range of weapons, although they preferred the silence of double-edged knives and stilettos (2000: 53). They also had standard ways of both humiliating their enemies and killing them. To humiliate an enemy, they would chase him down and slash his buttocks. If the intention was to kill, they would use a double-bladed knife to stab the victim in the stomach. According to legend, the rebates would then pull the knife out and lick the dripping blood. Alternate legends indicate that the rebates would either bend over the dead mans body and do one of two things: either bite of an ear, or suck out an eye (Petropoulos, 2000: 53). Their other weapon of choice was the cudgel: the rebates would dangle their cudgels ostentatiously from the left arm. Transferring the cudgel to the right hand indicated the threat of a beating to come'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). As might be expected, most of the fighting and killing took place in the evening hours. The format of the fight itself is described by Petropoulos as Homeric. The fight would inevitably begin with an outpouring of oaths, and it was considered unacceptable to kill someone without warning. In addition, the adversaries would wrap their jackets round their left arms, providing them with a kind of shield, somewhat like a medieval sword fight. . . No third party had the right to separate two feuding mange’s who ha drawn their knives'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). Rebetes who were in prison had a very clear hierarchy. The leader was known as a tsirà ­bashi: the tsirà ­bashi who wanted to assert his authority would hold his knife high and force his fellow prisoners to pass beneath it. As a show of bravado, the mangas would use their knives to eat, shunning all forms of cutlery. In addition not unlike today anyone in prison who did not obey the tacit code might end up getting knifed himself. Although Petropoulos asserts that the rebates were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Perhaps their existence as a marginalized people made them often vulnerable to authorities, and consequently, they spent a great deal of time imprison because of this persecution. Although this may be true, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. 3. The Essence of Rembetika This section analyses the components of rembetika: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. 3.1.1 The Lyrics According to Petropoulos, some researchers labour to discover ideas in rembetiko song, and he is highly dismissive of this: the rebetes organized their life in their own particular way, and that is all there is to be said on the matter (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). He does present his own theories on the lyrics of rembetika music, however, and because he is so intimately familiar with the modes and style of rembetika, his insights may be considered rare and valuable. For starters, he breaks rembetika music lyrics down into a series of twenty categories, which are listed below: 1. Love songs 2. Songs of parting and separation 3. Melancholic and plaintive songs; songs of remonstrance 4. Songs of the underworld 5. Hashish-smokers songs 6. Prison songs 7. Songs about poverty 8. Songs about work and working-class life 9. Songs about TB and ill health 10. Songs about Charon and Hades 11. Songs about mothers 12. Songs about exile and foreign parts 13. Songs about dreams; orientalist songs; exotic songs 14. Tavern songs 15. Songs which sing of small sorrows 16. Satirical songs; songs which give advice about life; songs which threaten violence and retribution 17. Songs which are depictions drawn from life 18. Songs which sing the praises of various cities and their inhabitants 19. Songs of army life and war 20. Songs composed for specific individuals (Petropoulos, 2000: 69). Petropoulos also points out that many songs can easily fit under more than one of these categories, and sometimes several at a time. Of the categories above, Petropoulos states that approximately half of the recorded rembetika songs he knows of fall under two major categories. The first of these is love, including parting or separation. The other theme has to do with elements of the rebetic subculture, including the underworld, hashish, prison, tavern, and fights. The rebates never ventured to attack the established institutions of society, he asserts; the police remained the only real target for their aggression (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). As for the style, he explains that the songs were written in a simple style, with a fair smattering of argot (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). It is Petropoulos contention that since in Greece official folklore studies are considered the domain of academic professionals who lookdown on both rebetika and slang, it is highly unlikely that a thorough understanding of rebetika lyrics will not be available in an academic format. He also asserts that since many of the important rembetika practitioners have long since died, their memories and experiences are no longer available to be recorded (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). Because the rebates of this time lived in poverty and squalor, there are a large number of songs that deal with issues of poor health. Most of these, according to Petropoulos, focus on tuberculosis, which was responsible for taking many lives during this time. The high death rate among this subculture also led to quite a few songs about the afterlife, with images of Charon carrying off the dead and taking them down into the underworld, into Hades (Petropoulos, 2000: 71). There are also a considerable number of songs in praise of maternal figures, as well as an absence of songs about fathers. According to Petropoulos, the figure of the mother was very important to their betas, and if there was a hierarchy of women figures, the maternal figure would always be on top: where the mother appears simultaneously with the singers beloved, precedence always goes to the mother'(Petropoulos, 2000: 71). Here again, Petropoulos is dismissive of professional analysis of the lyrics: I shall avoid psychoanalytic clichà ©s and say simply that we don’t know the explanation for the rebates one-sided fixation on his mother (2000: 71). Underlying all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, is a pervasive sense of loss of this disenfranchised group. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable, and eventually popular, levels. According to Holst, As the lyrics of the rembetika songs and the descriptions of the rembetika musicians depict them, the mange’s were far from being the idealistic, daring young braves a number of modern Greek writers would have us believe. They were, however, an extremely interesting sub-culture, whose beliefs and habits remain in a rare state of preservation thanks to the words of the rembetika songs (1983: 45). 18. Lemonadhika Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. Thomas was caught, together with Elias. Hey, Thomas, dont go making a fuss, because youll come off worst, with a load of bother. Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. They caught two pickpockets, and they acted innocent. They stuck them in handcuffs and took them off to prison, and if they dont find the loot theyll get beaten up. Mr. Policeman, dont beat us, because you know that this is our work, so dont come looking for a kick-back. We steal purses, we knock off wallets, so the prison gates get to see us pretty regularly. Death doesnt scare us, only hunger does, thats why we steal wallets and lead the good life. [By V. Papazoglou] (in Petropoulos, 2000: 141) This song was selected because its lyrics strongly suggest the attitude of the rebates of this time. According to Holst, much of the anger and defiance exhibited by the mange’s was directed towards the police. She explains that they do not actually protest the way they are treated, although it seems they often had the right to. Petropoulos concurs here, asserting that when the lyrics of the rebates seem to be in the form of protest, the focus is vague and non-directed (Petropoulos,2000: 70). It was not so much that they protest their ill-treatment’, asserts Holst, stating that in fact they obviously feel some pride in having eaten wood (been beaten up) and served their time in jail; it is rather a refusal to change their way of life or to be submissive before the police, or to lose their sense of humour (1983: 45). The sense of futility and helplessness in the second verse, in the advice to Thomas: dont go making a fuss/because youll come off worst/with a load of bother. This is clearly the attitude of a segment of society that knows better than to challenge authority. They are aware of their low status in the social hierarchy and know better than to assert themselves in any way, for the consequences will be a load of bother. The lyrics of the fourth and fifth verses clearly indicate familiarity with what appears to be a corrupt police force. They know the routine: first their compatriots will be restrained with handcuffs, and then they will be further restrained locked away in prison. Furthermore, they know that if the police do not get their percentage ‘of the stolen goods, that the perpetrators will receive, in addition to everything else, a beating. The progression of thought from verses five through seven is also interesting to note. In verse five, the alleged pickpockets demonstrate perceptive knowledge of criminal life: they know a beating is to follow, and they try to prevent it. In verse six, they admit that they are used to this routine: the prison gates get to see us/pretty regularly. By the final verse, they seem resigned and tough: Death doesn’t scare us/only hunger does/thats why we steal wallets/and lead the good life. The last line is feisty and full of bravado, the kind of bravado that seems to have been the rebates defining trait. The Little Hanoumakia At Panayas on the beach, there was a little tekà ©, And I went there every morning to drive away my blues. Two pretty little hanoumakia, stoned the poor things, I found them there one morning, sitting on the sand. Come close my dervish and sit near me And Ill pour out the blues from my heart. Take your baklama and entertain us for a while, And light up a joint and smoke with us. First light up my narghilà ©, so I can smoke and turn on, And later, hanoumakia, Ill take my baklama. If you want to get high on the narghilà © with fine Turkish hashish, Its Uncle Yannis tekà ©, down in Pasalimani. These lyrics contain words that, as Petropoulos stated above, need tube explained if one is to grasp the gist of the song. Holst explains that the word hanuman, as well as its diminutive form hanoumaki (pluralhanoumakia) is a word with different meanings in Turkish and in Greek.Considering the mixed backgrounds of the rebates, this means that itwas probably used and interpreted in different ways by differentsingers and listeners. In Turkish, the word basically means female orlady. However, in Greek, the lady in question takes on verydefinite characteristics. The Greek usage usual