What Does It Mean to Be an Ethical Leader?

Running Head: CRJ220 Assignment 6 CRJ220 Assignment 6 Thomas Seagle Strayer University What does it intend to be a moral chief? Clearly, one initially must be certain that one isn't actually occupied with deceptive and degenerate practices. Lamentably, in numerous ongoing models, pioneers can't breeze through even this first assessment. What's more, one needs to assume liability for the bigger job obligations of a pioneer position.One of the most troubling parts of open embarrassments including open authorities is the disclosure that their bad behavior was regularly notable to the individuals who ought to have taken care of business, the subject of the â€Å"Quote and Query† box. (Pollock, J. 2010 Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice Sixth Edition) Leadership is the position or capacity of a pioneer, an individual who controls or coordinates a gathering. Criminal equity experts ought to create and keep up administration aptitudes in their expert and individual li ves in light of the fact that it’s what they do.To a few, they are good examples, however to all they are the ones who make or potentially complete the laws. Authority includes the responsibility, commitment, and hazard taking disposition of the person. Some authority abilities that they ought to get is (1) Quick reasoning. This implies those working in criminal equity must be of sharp and sound psyche, ready to adjust to circumstances rapidly and settle on the spot judgment calls with decision making ability. (2) Strong moral reasonableness. You ought to be moral, act decently and consistently to the greatest advantage of the individuals. 3) People aptitudes. You should have the option to speak with others. Correspondence and relationship building abilities are basic in everything from guiding traffic to directing a meeting to affirming in court. (4) Knowledgeable of laws. In the event that you work in the criminal field you ought to be natural and know the laws of the state and national. Particularly officials, they ought to consistently be comfortable with laws and how to implement them. (5) Ability to deal with pressure. Most criminal equity occupations, even office employments, can be genuinely as well as truly demanding.They ought to keep up these in light of the fact that it’s what can support them and others. Morals is an arrangement of good standards. Morals applies to proficient obligations. Where do morals assume a job in criminal equity? It would be the place the individuals working the field shouldn't be degenerate, or exploitative, however are permitted to deceive suspects as a cross examination method. (Weaver, G. R 2006) An ethicalness morals point of view considers the law requirement character, inspirations, and expectations (something we didn’t talk about at all under the other two perspectives).According to righteousness morals, it is significant that the individual plans to be a decent individual and applies exertion t o create oneself as an ethical operator, to connect with other people who do likewise, and to add to making an authoritative setting that bolsters moral conduct. (Denton 2011) Can anybody contend against the possibility that if pioneers are straightforward, moral, and mindful, there is a decent possibility that the individuals who work for them will likewise be moral? In the event that heads and additionally administrators are deceptive, untruthful, and utilize their situations for individual increase, laborers regularly walk in these equivalent footsteps.If the business itself is introduced on deceiving the purchaser and executing extortion to make sure about higher benefits, for what reason should business pioneers expect that laborers would act any in an unexpected way? Trautman (2008) offers the â€Å"Corruption Continuum,† which subtleties how associations can become degenerate through(1) regulatory detachment toward uprightness, (2) overlooking clear moral issues, and m aking a (3) deception and dread ruled culture, all prompting (4) an endurance ofâ â the fittest methodology by singular representatives (who will submit dishonest acts to protect themselves).In any association, there are the individuals who will quite often make moral choices,â those who will normally make unscrupulous ones, and the individuals who can be impacted one way or the other. The best strategy is to compensate those in the primary gathering and identifyâ those in the subsequent gathering and urge them to discover other work or if nothing else expel them from enticement. At that point hierarchical pioneers must make a climate forâ the third gathering that empowers moral choice making.This should be possible by promotingâ ethical heads, compensating ethically valiant conduct, and giving clear and incredible authoritative arrangements that underline beneficial objectives and legitimate methods. (Pollock, J 2010 Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice Seven Edition) References Pollock, J. (2010) Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice Sixth Edition Retrieved June 3, 2012 Denton (2011) Ethics and Leadership in Criminal Justice Retrieved June 3, 2012 from http://www. ppapers. com/papers/Leadership-Skills-For-The-Criminal-Justice/818941 Weaver, G. R (2006) ‘‘Virtue in Organizations: Moral Identity as a Foundation for Moral Retrieved June 3, 2012 from http://media. wiley. com/product_data/extract/67/EH EP 0017/EHEP001767-2. pdf Pollock, J (2010) Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice Seven Edition Retrieved June 3, 2012 from http://www. scribd. com/doc/63772532/Ethical-Dilemmas-and-Decisions-in-Criminal-Justice

Case Study Mcdonalds free essay sample

It works more than 35000 cafés in excess of 100 nations on six landmasses. 5 It has an unrivaled worldwide foundation and skills in café activities, land, retailing, showcasing and diversifying. McDonald’s site says that it is an innovator in the region of social duty and is focused on securing nature for people in the future. 7 Strong and wide correspondence direct in the market. (deng, 2009) 8 Play zones for kids. 9 Large objective markets. 10 Recession safe (Birchall, 2008) 11 In September 2003 effective sponsorship up of new items was propelled with MTV’s promoting effort including the new slogan, â€Å"I’m Lovin’it†. (Jennifer, 2004) WEAKNESSES 1 McDonald’s has not accomplished its development desires in recent years. Slender Product lines. (deng, 2009) 3 McDonald’s brand relationship as a lousy nourishment. (deng, 2009) 4 Few choice for smart dieting 5 High representative turnover rates. (macy, 2012) 6 McDonald’s likewis e have some terrible impacts on condition. (ltd. , 2006) 7 McDonald’s additionally faces numerous kinds of legitimate activities on numerous issues. Openings 1 Product pressing for McDonalds now includes QR codes for clients to get dietary data. Mcnamara, 2013) 2 Opportunity to grow showcase, the shoppers who care about medical problem. (deng, 2009) 3 Slightly changing business sector brand picture of McDonalds. (deng, 2009) 4 In 2009, McDonald’s propelled its heavy Angus burger in all U. S. An areas. 5 Introduction of trans sans fat French fries in all cafés in the U. S. An and Canada. 6 Introduction of McCafe. 7 Testing showcasing foods grown from the ground as upbeat supper at certain outlets. 8 McDonald’s establishments abroad turned into a most loved objective of individuals and gatherings communicating antiglobalization opinions. Passage into new and exceptionally mainstream item classes. Dangers 1 Public assault about heftiness issue. (deng, 2009) 2 Changing taste of buyers. (deng, 2009) 3 Unable to maintain supporters as exceptional control sandwiches offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy’s. 4 Promotional plans like McDonalds game discovered intrigue with 51 individuals charged in a piece of trick winning $24 million by taking winning McDonald’s tickets. 5 McDonalds indicated a deferred impact than different cafés administrators in exchanging over to zero trans-fat cooking oil. In 2001 McDonald’s was sued for harming strict assessments by veggie lover bunches for not uncovering its flavors in French fries as it a dded meat concentrate to vegetable oil and indicating it as veg in menu. 7 Consumers started recording claims that eating at McDonald’s had made them over weight. 8 Competition from burger lords and Wendy’s. (Thomadsen, 2007) MARKET SEGMENTATION TARGET MARKET| BABY BOOMERS| GENERATION X| GENERATION Y| GENERATION Z| DEMOGRAPHICS| 45-65+| 35-44| 19-34| 0-18| GEOGRAPHICS| URBAN| PSYCOGRAPHICS| More worried about low cholesterol food| More worried about low fat food| More worried about physical wellness food products| Generally eats taste situated food products| BEHAVIOURAL| Mostly worried about great nature of food products| Requires access with brisk and new food service| Generally get up to speed food without anyone else by coming to out| Check out with companions and family| ISSUE ANALYSIS In 2004,Morgan Spurlock’s narrative film Super-Size Me gave very analysis to McDonald’s quick â€Å"nutrition†, in which he shows how he increases fat and decimate his wellbeing by eating McDonald’s. 2 In 1998 McDonald’s began â€Å"Made for you† System however it was not fruitful. There was a diminishing in development of deals in stores. 3 In 1999 preceding the usage of â€Å"made for you â€Å"scheme ,McDonald’s intended to give around 190 million in money related help to its franchisees ,however the genuine expense of actualizing the framework ran a lot higher than the company had assessed. In 2001, 51 individuals were charged planning to fix McDonald’s game advancements through the span of quite a long while, uncovering that $24 million of dominating McDonald’s match tickets had been taken as a piece of trick. 5 In 2004, McDonald’s was sued for removing a modest quantity meat included to the vegetable oil utilized for cooking French fries. 6 Many individuals despite everything grumble that the food served by McDonald’s isn't hot to eat. Suggestions PRODUCT :- 1 McDonald’s ought to give hot food to eat on the grounds that numerous clients grievance that their food isn't so hot to eat else it will influence deals. McDonalds ought to bring some new more beneficial items for all ages since awful impact on wellbeing is one of the shortcomings of McDonald’s and bringing some more advantageous food will assist with beating this picture. 3 McDonald’s ought to give some free snacks since it will assist it with rivaling its rivals and increment deals. 4 McDonalds should make their items in fat free oil since it will have great impact on wellbeing. 5 McDonald’s ought to likewise give some territorial food on the grounds that along these lines some provincial individuals will likewise begin tolerating its items. Propelling of new singed and bone in treats in Chicago. Cost:- 1 The cost of items ought to be moderate in such a case that they won't be reasonable to little salary bunch then its deal will be influenced and it will likewise offer the chance to contenders to build their deals. 2 The costs of items ought to be normally checked in order to contend with rivalry since individuals will purchase those items which they can get in low cost. Spot:- 1 McDonald’s should open new establishments in little urban communities additionally . It will assist them with expanding its business and increment development. McDonald’s should build the quantity of its establishments in all nations so as to extend its business. Advancement:- 1 McDonald’s ought to give some limit on more items bought in light of the fact that along these lines individuals will purchase more. Since certain individuals will begin buying more things on the off chance that they can get markdown. 2 McDonald’s ought to give home conveyance administration in light of the fact that occasionally a few people can’t go to store so as to buy them. It will expand deals. 3 McDonald’s ought to give online deal on the grounds that along these lines individuals can put in their requests on the web. McDonald’s is taking a shot at new plates of mixed greens and wraps . (wong, 2013) 5 McDonald, s will test the new singed and bone in treats in Chicago. (wong, 2013) 6 Success of powerful wings in Atlanta. (wong, 2013) BEST RECOMMENDATIONS PRODUCT:- McDonald’s ought to give some more beneficial food to all ages since wellbeing heftiness is the serious issue with McDonald’s . Along these lines they can get great picture in regards to wellbeing. Value:- Prices of items ought to be consistently checked so as to rival rivalry since individuals will least expensive item. Spot:- McDonald’s should open new little establishments at little urban communities likewise on the grounds that it will assist him with expanding its business and increment development rates. Advancement:- McDonald’s ought to give home conveyance administration in light of the fact that occasionally individuals can’t go to store so as to buy item. Reference index Bibliography Birchall, J. (2008). McDonalds guarantees inexpensive food deals warding off log jam. Monetary occasions. deng, t. (2009, may). McDonalds new system on changing perspectives and correspondence. Universal diary of showcasing examines, 37-42. Jennifer, R. (2004). internet marking :the instance of McDonalds. ritish food diary. ltd. , n. m. (2006). ICCR sponsered intermediary goals on hereditarily altered living beings gain acknowledgment among investors at wendys McDonalds . money related wire. macy, a. (2012). financing a remodel:a instance of McDonalds Franchisee. diary of case investigate in busin ess and financial matters. Mcnamara, B. (2013). McDonalds give the individuals what they need. Sustenance business diary. Thomadsen, r. (2007). item positiong and competion:the job of area in the inexpensive food industry. Promoting science. wong, V. (2013). will McDonalds forceful wings fly? Business frail.

What is the Envelope Budget, and How Can it Help You Save Money

What is the Envelope Budget, and How Can it Help You Save Money What is the Envelope Budget, and How Can it Help You Save Money? What is the Envelope Budget, and How Can it Help You Save Money?Having trouble keeping track of your money? Well, the envelope budgeting method uses some old-fashioned techniques to help you stay the course.Envelopes can do almost anything! They can be used to send letters; they can hold paper clips; you can make mathematical calculations on the back of them; they can even be used to store live crickets, albeit ineffectively.But did you know that envelopes can help you keep to your budget? It’s true! And keeping to your budget is very important. Because there’s no use in making a budget if you don’t actually stick to it. And if you don’t actually keep to your budget, then you’ll have wasted your time. The basics of budgeting.As you’re probably aware, the purpose of crafting a budget is to make sure you’ll be able to purchase everything you need on the income you’re receiving.It’s pretty basic math. Your income goes in one column. Your necessary expenses go into anot her column. Then you subtract those expenses from your income, and whatever is left over can be used for savings, paying down debt, and fun stuff.If there isn’t anything left over after subtracting all of your necessary expenses … well … you’re going to have to find a way to get more income or fewer expenses.So that’s how you make a budget! But none of that helps you keep your budget, which is where the envelopes come in.Cashing out.OK, time to get your envelopes ready. You can probably get a bunch from your post office or local office supply store. Or, if you work in an office, you might be able to get some there.The point is, most kinds of offices will have some kind of envelopes. And you need these envelopes!And now we’ll turn it over to author Caitlin Fisher (@caitlizfisher) to explain what you’ll need those envelopes for:“The envelope budgeting method relies on cash rather than swiping your card everywhere you go. When determining your budget for the month, cate gories like groceries, restaurants, spending money, and entertainment can be withdrawn from the bank in cash and separated into envelopes.When that envelope is empty, youre out of money for that expense this month.“The advantage of operating with cash, and envelopes, in particular, is that youll have an ongoing awareness of your spending and youll see when youre getting low. Spending cash also feels different, since swiping a card doesnt really ‘feel’ like spending money. When youre handing over your own cash, you feel it more!”Want an example? We’ve got an example for you, courtesy Tracie Forbes, the Penny Pinchin’ Mom (@PennyPinchinMom):“Lets say you budget $300 for groceries every two weeks. When payday comes, you first go to the bank and get $300 cash from your account. Note the deposit on the outside of the envelope.When you go to the grocery store, you wont reach for your debit card, you will instead pull out cash. As soon as you get home, deduct the amount you j ust spent from the total. You know now how much money you have left to buy food until the next payday.”High tech envelopes.Is this all a bit old-fashioned for you? Well too, bad, because that’s the point!Just kidding! There are some good ways you can incorporate technology into the envelope budgeting method.“So buying with cash is a pain, and while thats good, its still a pain,” explained Matt Matheson of  Method To Your Money (@method_money). With things moving towards being completely digital, I felt like the old-school envelope budgeting system needed an upgrade.Thats why Matheson developed the Envelope System 2.0, which gives the cash-only system a 21st-century twist. Heres how he described it:“Basically, its a hybrid system between using cash and debiting transactions from your bank account. For my wife and I, we use old-school envelopes for things like clothes, kids items, cosmetics, going out, and for her fun money. And we have digital envelopes for things like trav el, car maintenance, gifts, my fun, home maintenance, and property taxes.“At the start of the month, we sit down and have a budget meeting. This is where we go over last month’s expenses to see how we did, and we look at the anticipated expenses of the month ahead. Based on this, we split up all of our income into either a cash envelope or a digital one, as we run a zero-based budget.“At the beginning of each month, I stroll into the bank to get out a wad of cash. I have my list of envelopes I need cash for (all on my very handy, and FREE, EveryDollar app), which we use to track our spending) and I add them all up and determine my total amount and which denominations I need. Since I’m ‘weird,’ I’m very well known in several bank branches in the area for being ‘that guy with 20 accounts who does that envelope thing.’“Typically the cash envelopes are used for more common, everyday things. They also tend to be things that if we weren’t watching closely, we could e asily overspend on. For example, we use a regular envelope for groceries and kids items. If we didn’t keep an eye on our budget for these items, they could easily spiral out of control.“My wife really loves using the cash as having the visual of how much money is left is super important and helpful. She knows exactly how much money is left for each category, and it frees her up to spend as much of it as she wants. It was also nice to be able to see the cash build up over the months if it wasn’t spent and to know that she didn’t have to worry about overspending. When it was gone, it was gone. If there was money left she could spend like it was 1999.“The digital envelopes, on the other hand, are typically for purchases that I make or ones that may be larger. These may be things like home repairs or when I need to get work done on the car. The digital envelopes work very simply. When I get work done on the car, for example, I’ll usually pay with my credit card (I try to get as many points as I can!). I take the receipt and keep it in my wallet. If I pay with my debit card, I do the same thing.“Every few weeks, I’ll sit down to pay our bills and organize the receipts. When I come across the one for the car repair, if it was a debit purchase I’ll transfer the funds from the car maintenance account to the general chequing account. If something was purchased on a credit card, I wait until the bill comes in. Then my wife and I sit down and determine which accounts to transfer money from to pay the bill. Once all the money has been transferred into our chequing account, we pay the bill.“It’s easy. Painless. Convenient. And quick. It also prevents us from overspending. And then whatever we dont spend in each category gets saved in that account.”Budgeting for a better tomorrow.Whether you use the old envelope method, the new one, or some combination will depend on your situation. Maybe you’ll even come up with a new twist that works especially f or you!But whichever budgeting system you end up choosing, what matters most is that you make a budget, period. Once youve taken control of your money, you can start  saving up for big purchases, putting money aside money for retirement, and building your emergency fund.These kinds of financial buffers are the thing that will save you from having to rely on short-term bad credit loans and predatory no credit check loans like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances when times get tough. Even your relatively safer bad credit options like installment loans pale in comparison to just being able to dip into your savings.No matter which budgeting method you decide to choose, its going to be a hassle. Just remember that a little budgeting hassle today is worth the financial stress itll save you tomorrow.To learn more about budgeting, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:A Beginner’s Guide to Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackNe w Year, New Budget: 7 Tips to Help You Budget Better This YearHow to Save Money When You’re Already on a Tight BudgetDo you have a question about budgeting youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsCaitlin Fisher (@caitlizfisher) helps millennials succeed in a society that blames them for everything gone wrong, through practical life advice including personal finance and budgeting, relationships, and career guidance. Her upcoming book, The Gaslighting of the Millennial Generation, will be published in May 2019 by Mango Publishing. Read more at CaitlinFisherAuthor.com.In 2009, Tracie Forbes (@PennyPinchinMom) and her husband worked together to pay off more than $37,000 in debt. She then started her website, PennyPinchinMom.com to help other families learn how to budget, pay off their debt, and how to save money on every purchase they make. She has been featured on Good Morning America, Wall Street Journal and other p ublications. When not busy helping her readers with their finances, she can be found at home in Missouri with her husband and 3 kids, ages 10-14.Matt Matheson is an Assistant Principal by day, and a personal finance blogger at night, as well as a husband to an awesome wife and father to two great little munchkins. You can find him writing about money, family, and mindsets at MethodToYourMoney.com  or on Twitter @Method_Money.

Scotch Tape and Inventor Richard Drew

Scotch tape was invented in 1930 by banjo-playing 3M engineer Richard Drew. Scotch tape was the worlds first transparent adhesive tape. Drew also invented the first masking tape in 1925—a 2-inch-wide tan paper tape with a pressure sensitive adhesive backing. Richard Drew - Background In 1923, Drew joined the 3M company located in St. Paul, Minnesota. At the time, 3M only made sandpaper. Drew was product testing 3Ms Wetordry brand sandpaper at a local auto body shop, when he noticed that auto painters were having a hard time making clean dividing lines on two-color paint jobs. Richard Drew was inspired to invent the worlds first masking tape in 1925, as a solution to the auto painters dilemma. Brandname Scotch The brand name Scotch came about while Drew was testing his first masking tape to determine how much adhesive he needed to add. The body shop painter became frustrated with the sample masking tape and exclaimed, Take this tape back to those Scotch bosses of yours and tell them to put more adhesive on it! The name was soon applied to the entire line of 3M tapes. Scotch Brand Cellulose Tape was invented five years later. Made with a nearly invisible adhesive, the waterproof transparent tape was made from  oils, resins, and rubber; and had a coated backing. According to 3M Drew, a young 3M engineer, invented the first waterproof, see-through, pressure-sensitive tape, thus supplying an attractive, moisture-proof way to seal food wrap for bakers, grocers, and meat packers. Drew sent a trial shipment of the new Scotch cellulose tape to a Chicago firm specializing in package printing for bakery products. The response was, Put this product on the market! Shortly after, heat sealing reduced the original use of the new tape. However, Americans in a depressed economy discovered they could use the tape to mend a wide variety of things like torn pages of books and documents, broken toys, ripped window shades, even dilapidated currency. Besides using  Scotch  as a prefix in its brand names (Scotchgard,  Scotchlite and  Scotch-Brite), the company also used the Scotch name for its (mainly professional) audiovisual magnetic tape products, until the early 1990s when the tapes were branded solely with the 3M logo.  In 1996, 3M exited the magnetic tape business, selling its assets. John A Borden - Tape Dispenser John A Borden, another 3M engineer, invented the first tape dispenser with a built-in cutter blade in 1932. Scotch Brand Magic Transparent Tape  was invented in 1961, an almost invisible tape that never discolored and could be written on. Scotty McTape Scotty McTape, a  kilt-wearing  cartoon  boy, was the brands  mascot  for two decades, first appearing in 1944.  The familiar  tartan  design, a take on the well-known  Wallace  tartan, was introduced in 1945. Other Uses In 1953, Soviet scientists showed that  triboluminescence  caused by peeling a roll of an unidentified Scotch brand tape in a  vacuum  can produce  X-rays.  In 2008, American scientists performed an experiment that showed the rays can be strong enough to leave an X-ray image of a finger on  photographic paper.

Java Statements (Definition, Types and Examples)

Statements are similar to sentences in the English language. A sentence forms a complete idea which can include one or more clauses. Likewise, a statement in Java forms a complete command to be executed and can include one or more expressions. In simpler terms, a Java statement is just an instruction that explains what should happen. Types of Java Statements Java supports three different types of statements: Expression statements  change values of variables, call methods, and create objects.Declaration statements  declare variables.Control-flow statements  determine the order that statements are executed. Typically, Java statements parse from the top to the bottom of the program. However, with control-flow statements, that order can be interrupted to implement branching or looping so that the Java program can run particular sections of code based on certain conditions. Examples of Java Statements //declaration statement int number; //expression statement number 4; //control flow statement if (number 10 ) {   Ã‚  //expression statement   Ã‚  System.out.println(number is less than ten); }

More Machine Now Than Man Free Essays

string(152) " after a first hearing; in sentiment so innocent that the heart of the most susceptible maiden would not quicken by a beat a minute at the sound of it\." Laura Frost, in her essay â€Å"Huxley’s Feelies: The Cinema of Sensation in Brave New World,† states that â€Å"Brave New World has typically been read as â€Å"the classic denunciation of mass culture in the interwar years†Ã¢â‚¬  (Frost 448). This is true to an extent, as Frost points out. The novel explores the effects of mass culture and the implementation of eugenics and mass education to serve an industrialized society of consumption. We will write a custom essay sample on More Machine Now Than Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aspects of culture, such as the arts, have been reduced to pleasure seeking, and the population as a whole is kept within the machine of culture by means of pharmaceuticals. Much of this vision is drawn from Huxley’s experiences during the interwar period and for that reason, an exploration of his reactions to mass culture and his philosophy of culture prove useful in understanding the novel. This essay will be exploring Brave New World according to Huxley’s reactions to the culture of the 1920s and the early 1930s, especially to aspects of mass culture, consumerism and scientific and technological approaches to human growth and reproduction. Huxley wrote a number of essays in the late 1920s and early 1930s that deal with these issues and several of these serve as the primary focus of this essay. â€Å"Prophecies of the future,† writes Huxley in a 1927 essay, â€Å"if they are to be intelligent, not merely fantastic, must be based on a study of the present. The future is the present projected† (â€Å"The Outlook for American Culture† 187). This sentiment must be taken to heart if one is then to read a prophetic book by the author of the quote. Aldous Huxley was living and writing during the so-called â€Å"Jazz Age,† an age of increasing commercialism, consumerism and mechanization. The age saw a massive boost in the production of consumer goods and technologies, idealized in the streamlined assembly lines of Henry Ford, which provided goods for consumption, but demanded a larger worker class to fuel the boom. The further development of mass culture, thanks to the growth of music and film industries, was spurned by this growth in the working classes. Aldous Huxley’s novel is, at least to a degree, a product of this present. Consumerism and materialism are central to Brave New World; any work that features Henry Ford as a god figure would surely have to be. Huxley writes in 1931: The God of Industry supplies his worshipers with objects and can only exist on condition that his gifts are gratefully accepted. In the eyes of an Industriolater, the first duty of man is to collect as many objects as he can (â€Å"On the Charms of History† 131). Huxley acknowledges that capitalists and industrialists need people to want the stuff produced. He argues that Ford, to whom Huxley refers rather sarcastically as â€Å"the saint of the new dispensation,† and other industrialists have no choice but to hate history, literature, the arts and others because all these â€Å"mental activities†¦ distract mankind from an acquisitive interest in objects† (131-132). The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning in the opening section of the novel speaks of how mental activities in the lower classes, in this case a Romantic notion of nature, are discouraged in the hyper-consumerist society in Brave New World: A love of Nature keeps no factories busy. It was decided to abolish the love of nature, at any rate among the lower classes; to abolish the love of nature but not the tendency to consume transport†¦ We condition the masses to hate the country†¦ but simultaneously we condition them to love all country sports. At the same time we see to it that all country sports shall entail the use of elaborate apparatus. So that they consume manufactured articles as well as transport (23). The goal in the society of the novel is to adhere to what Huxley argues is the first duty of man to industrialists, owning and using the goods produced by industry. Every aspect of the World State is crafted to maintain production and/or to encourage consumption. Those aspects of culture that occupy surplus time, the time spent not producing, have two functions: the consumption of material or the sedation or comforting of the producer so that he or she will continue to produce. The latter function is expressed by the Twentieth-Century theorist, Theodore Adorno. Shane Gunster, in his book Capitalizing on Culture: Critical Theory  for Cultural Studies, summarizes Adorno’s theory involving this idea of â€Å"free-time† Bored by the endless repetition of the assembly line or sales counter, people want novelty in their leisure time†¦ While leisure masquerades as ‘free-time,’ it is an open secret that its true purpose is to replenish one’s working energies†¦ Work and leisure are bound together in an unholy alliance: the culture industry openly celebrates its independence from production, selling its products as ‘freedom’ from the drudgery of the everyday, all the while secretly delivering its consumers ever-deeper into the clutches of a world from which they so anxiously desire to escape (Gunster 42-43). This theory of the â€Å"culture industry,† feeding the consumer with entertainment during free-time so that the work will not suffer, is the driving force behind the Fordian culture that Huxley writes about in the 1920s and 30s and satirizes in Brave New World . Adorno, whose major works were not written until the Second World War, is analyzing a reality of mechanized society and mass culture that Huxley wrote of years before. As a writer during the â€Å"Jazz Age,† Huxley would bear witness to the rise of commercial music as the record industry created a popular music that Huxley viewed in a negative light. In a 1925 essay on music, Huxley describes a piece of popular music: There is a certain jovial, bouncing, hoppety little tune with which any one who has spent even a few weeks in Germany†¦ must be familiar. Its name is â€Å"Ach, du lieber Augustin. † It is a merry little affair in three-four time; in rhythm and melody so simple, that the village idiot could sing it after a first hearing; in sentiment so innocent that the heart of the most susceptible maiden would not quicken by a beat a minute at the sound of it. You read "More Machine Now Than Man" in category "Papers" Rum-tiddle, Um tum tum, Um tum tum†¦ By the very frankness of its cheerful imbecility the thing disarms all criticism. (Collected Essays 173) Huxley finds this example of popular music simplistic and moronic, not even worth a real critique. He continues on the subject by comparing the tune to an eighteenth-century waltz of the same name and to all music prior to the mid-Nineteenth century: The difference between â€Å"Ach, du lieber Augustin† and any waltz composed at any date from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards, is the difference between one piece of music almost completely empty of emotional content and another, densely saturated with amorous sentiment, languor and voluptuousness. (173) Huxley then expands his critique to criticize all contemporary popular music as lacking the meaningful emotional content that was, he feels, characteristic of all pre-mid-nineteenth-century popular music. In his essay â€Å"The Music Industry,† published in 1933, the year after Brave New World’s publication, Huxley writes about the short life-span of popular music and declares his era as â€Å"an age of rapid technical progress, and the desire for incessant novelty is a natural product of environmental change† and adds that the tendency for novelty increases consumption and is therefore, â€Å"encouraged by manufacturers† (â€Å"The Music Industry† 101). The music show that Lenina and Henry attend towards the beginning of the novel echoes Huxley’s fears from â€Å"The Music Industry† regarding the need for novelty in popular culture. The advertisements for the show â€Å"invitingly† declare it, in all-capital letters, â€Å"LONDON’S FINEST SCENT AND COLOR ORGAN. ALL THE LATEST SYNTHETIC MUSIC† (BNW 76). There is an emphasis placed on the â€Å"latest,† favoring that novelty which fuels consumption. Again there is an echo in Adorno. Gunster looks at an essay Adorno published titled â€Å"On Popular Music†: On the one hand, he argues, the ‘fundamental’ property of popular music is that it is unremittingly standardized: ‘every detail is substitutable; it serves its function only as a cog in a machine’†¦ On the other hand, marketability demands that repetition be hidden beneath the illusion of individuality, difference, and novelty (Gunster 24). Adorno’s â€Å"culture industry† is again reflected in the popular music. His descriptions of popular music are very similar to way Huxley describes popular music as simplistic and standardized. Likewise, both acknowledge that the culture industry markets its goods to consumers based on supposed novelty. Within Brave New World, Huxley’s critique of popular music comes through in his descriptions of the music of the World State. The music, like the example song Huxley described from Germany in 1925, is cheerful, with simple, formulaic, verses and chorus reeling with meaningless phrases and clichà ©. An excellent example of this is the Solidarity Hymn of â€Å"Orgy-porgy† Orgy porgy, Ford and fun, Kiss the girls and make them One. Boys at one with girls at peace; Orgy-porgy gives release. (BNW 84) This song not only contains little real meaning, a critique that Huxley aims at all popular music, but also contains, as most music in the novel does, strong sexuality. In that same essay on popular music, Huxley is critical of what he calls a â€Å"certain vibrant sexuality† of popular music describing it as â€Å"vulgar,† â€Å"savage† and â€Å"barbaric† (Collected Essays 174-175) and maintains that the sexuality and barbarism are pervasive: Whether, having grown inured to such violent and purely physiological stimuli as the clashing and drumming, the rhythmic throbbing and wailing glissandos of modern jazz music can supply, the world will ever revert to something less crudely direct, is a matter about which one cannot prophesy. (175) This description of the clashing drums and glissandos certainly is echoed in the scene wherein Lenina and Henry watch â€Å"Calvin Stopes and His Sixteen Sexaphonists† with the sexaphones (clearly a play on one of staples of jazz music, the saxophone) â€Å"wail[ing] like melodious cats† with moaning tenors and altos â€Å"as though the little death were upon them. † (BNW 76). The implication is that of sex and orgasm in music form: Aldous Huxley’s vision of jazz music taken to the extreme of â€Å"purely physiological. † This critique of mass music is also repeated in a supposed alternative to mass culture, the â€Å"Savage Reservation.† Huxley, at the time of writing the novel, had never been to New Mexico, in spite of the fact that his friend D. H. Lawrence owned a ranch there beginning in 1924. Peter Firchow, in his essay â€Å"Wells and Lawrence in Brave New World† writes that the fact troubled Huxley, but quotes the author as having done â€Å"’an enormous [amount] of reading up on New Mexico’† since he had not yet been there (Firchow 272). Huxley relied on Lawrence’s writings about the Pueblo Indians as well as Smithsonian reports of the place (Firchow 272-273). In spite of of his relative inexperience with historical New Mexican native cultures, Huxley creates a culture for the Pueblo and, in doing so, creates one that is at times incredibly similar to World State. Lenina draws comparison between the drums of the Pueblo religious dancing to the music of the Solidarity Service hymns in the World States â€Å"religion† of Fordism. Lenina liked the drums. Shutting her eyes she abandoned herself to their soft repeated thunder, allowed it to invade her consciousness more and more completely, till at last there was nothing left in the world but that one deep pulse of sound. It reminded her reassuringly of the synthetic noises made at Solidarity Services and Ford’s Day celebrations. â€Å"Orgy-porgy,† she whispered to herself. The drums beat out just the same rhythms (BNW 113). Here we have a sexual response to music as Lenina abandons herself and allows the music to take her, in spite of it coming from a foreign place and culture. The drums here are strikingly reminiscent of the way that Huxley describes the Jazz and popular music of the 1920s. He talks about how popular culture has â€Å"grown inured to such violent and purely physiological stimuli as the clashing and drumming† and this he attributes to the influence of â€Å"barbarous people† (Collected Essays 175). By supplying the Indians and the mass culture of the world state with similar music, music that Huxley himself finds void of real emotion, he is equating the two cultures intellectually. The Reservation within Huxley’s novel becomes a mirror to the World State culture, an echo of Huxley’s fear of growing barbarism in popular culture. There are some points of contrast between the two. For instance, materials in the reservation are made by the individuals and are valued enough to be repaired rather than replaced as is the expectation in the World State when, say, an article of clothing becomes worn out. There is a passage on labor wherein John is working clay and through this action he becomes â€Å"filled with an intense, absorbing happiness† (BNW 134). However, these differences are superficial. There is still a value placed on productivity just as in the World State. John is made happier and feels more a part of his culture when he is allowed to work the clay. Just as the World State has the Community sings to promote â€Å"Community, Identity and Stability†, religion of the pueblo serves a function for productivity. John explains the whippings that Lenina and Bernard witness as being â€Å"For the sake of the pueblo – to make rain come and corn grow.† Adherence to religion provides Stability and Community for the Indians. To further the comparison between the Savage culture and the World State, Huxley gives the Indians their own drug, mescal, to help cope with life just as soma does the job for the World State citizens. Similarly, John’s position within, or rather without, the Pueblo society is similar to Bernard’s position within the World State culture. Both are outcasts for their appearances and therefore both seem more alone than the others; â€Å"If one’s different, one’s bound to be lonely. They’re beastly to one† (137). This mentality mirrors the values of Community and Identity contained within the World State’s motto. Identify as an individual and you are hurting the community; â€Å"when the individual feels, the community reels† is what Lenina recites, which is most likely some hypnopaedic verse (94). These characteristics, exemplified most clearly by the music of the two cultures, show that the reservation society is not a true alternative to the degradation of culture prevalent in the World State; it is just many of the same processes in a different form and to a different extent. A second form of mass culture within the World State is the â€Å"feelies. † Laura asserts that â€Å"[t]he ‘feelies’, a cinema of titillating, pansensual stimulation, are clearly a response to the ‘talkies,’† and that Huxley is extending the inclusion of sound in film to the rest of the senses (Frost 447). Huxley’s reaction to the â€Å"talkies,† specifically to the first â€Å"talkie† The Jazz Singer, expressed in an essay titled â€Å"Silence is Golden† is, as Frost points out, one of â€Å"scorn and fury† (Frost 443). He is absolutely disgusted by the film as he writes: Oh, those mammy-songs, those love-longings, those loud hilarities! How was it possible that human emotions intrinsically decent could be so ignobly parodied? I felt like a man who, having asked for wine, is offered a brimming bowl of hog wash. And not even fresh hog wash. Rancid hog wash, decaying hog wash. (â€Å"Silence is Golden† 21) He sees in film the same degeneration of human emotion and integrity that he sees in popular music. That the first â€Å"talkie† he saw was about a singer of popular music only solidified his dislike and in the end he feels â€Å"ashamed for [himself] for listening to such things, for even being a member of the species to which these things are addressed† (â€Å"Silence is Golden 23). The feelies in Brave New World are described in similar fashion as Huxley’s description of The Jazz Singer. The film that John and Lenina see, â€Å"Three Weeks in a Helicopter,† is described as having an â€Å"extremely simple† plot, with the real focus placed on the effects of the movie, as with the â€Å"famous bearskin†¦ every hair of which could be separately and distinctly felt† (168). The images and effects come off as â€Å"more solid-looking than they would have seemed in actual flesh and blood, far more real than reality† just as Huxley, whose vision had worsened following an eye infection during his teenage years, described the images in the â€Å"talkie† A beneficent providence has dimmed my powers of sight, so that, at a distance of more than four or five yards, I am blissfully unaware of the average human countenance. At the cinema, however, there is no escape†¦ Nothing short of total blindness can preserve one from the spectacle. The jazzers were forced on me; I regarded them with fascinated horror. (â€Å"Silence is Golden† 21) â€Å"More solid-looking† than real life is exactly the reaction Huxley had to seeing the film, since the real world was not that solid to him because of his impaired vision. Frost accepts that Huxley is at least â€Å"half feigning† his reactions to the films (Frost 443) but she points to a moment in Huxley’s â€Å"Silence is Golden† when he condemns film as â€Å"the latest and most frightful creation-saving device for the production of standardized amusement† (â€Å"Silence† 20). The standardization of amusement is what frightens Huxley, be it in music or film or in literature. In his fictionalized culture, these devices for amusement standardization are taken to the extremes. They are â€Å"more than human,† more real than reality at the same time that they are void of substance. The subject of substance within art is brought to the foreground in the conversation between John and Mustafa Mond in the later parts of Brave New World. The Controller argues, â€Å"You’ve got to choose between happiness and what people used to call high art,† and he concludes â€Å"We’ve sacrificed the high art s. We have the feelies and the scent organ instead† (BNW 220). There is a hierarchy wherein pleasure replaces the need for aesthetics. John responds by stating that the â€Å"feelies† and the other elements of mass culture in the World State do not mean anything. Mond then replies that these things â€Å"mean a lot of agreeable sensations to the audience† (221). The feelies are horrifying to John because the end result is not knowledge of the human condition, but rather pleasure seeking. And in the world of hyper-pleasure, it is difficult to find anything on which to base meaningful art. That is the problem Helmholtz Watson struggles with: â€Å"writing when there’s nothing to say† (221). In an essay from 1923, Huxley writes â€Å"The poetry of pure sensation, of sounds and bright colors, is common enough nowadays; but amusing as we may find it for the moment, it cannot hold the interest for long† (Collected Essays 93). One can easily draw comparison to the â€Å"feelies† and the music of the World State here as something that amuses but that fails to, as John or even Mustafa Mond might say, mean anything beyond itself. The inclusion of Helmholtz Watson brings up another issue of mass culture, namely the place, if there is one, for the intellectual or the artist within mass culture. Towards the end of the novel, Bernard and Helmholtz are to be sent to an island. Mustafa Mond speaks of Bernard’s fate He’s being sent to an island. That’s to say, he’s being sent to a place where he’ll meet the most interesting set of men and women to be found anywhere in the world. All the people who, for one reason or another, have got too self-consciously individual to fit into community-life. All the people who aren’t satisfied with orthodoxy, who’ve got independent ideas of their own. Every one, in a word, who’s any one (BNW 227). This is a clear separation between the intellectual free-thinkers and the mass population. As Mond points out, there is no room in the World State for individuality and the search for truth and meaning since â€Å"truth’s a menace. † He concludes by adding that Ford himself did a great deal to shift the emphasis from truth and beauty to comfort and happiness. Mass production demanded the shift. Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t (228). In the movement towards mass culture, artists and intellectuals, like the aspiring poet Helmholtz Watson, and individualists have no place. In a 1929 essay Huxley raises this question of the possibility for the individual in a mechanized state Is it possible for a human being to be both a man and a citizen of a mechanized state? Is it possible to combine the material advantages which accrue to those living in a mechanized world with the psychological advantages enjoyed by those who live in pre-mechanical surroundings? Such are the questions which future politicians will have to ask and effectively answer in terms of laws and regulations. What sort of answers will they give? Who knows? Not I at any rate. I am even a little doubtful whether the questions are answerable (â€Å"Machinery, Psychology, and Politics† 221). Huxley sees the war between individual and the industrialized state but provides no solutions to this issue and even has doubts whether the issue will ever be resolved. In his novel he has the rulers simply separate those that become too individualistic from the mass-minded because they are dangerous to the sedated, pleasure-driven masses. Furthermore, Huxley fears that through mass education, those intellectuals might be eliminated. In a 1927 essay titled â€Å"Education† Huxley writes on the defects of Mass education Under the present system of mass education by classes too much stress is laid on the teaching and too little on active learning. The child is not encouraged to discover things on his own account. He learns to rely on outside help, not on his own powers, thus losing intellectual independence and all the capacity to judge for himself. The over-taught child is the father of newspaper-reading, advertisement-believing, propaganda-swallowing, demagogue-led man†¦ (â€Å"Education† 205-206) This analysis of mass education makes the learner dependent upon the system, which Huxley sees as fueling advertising and propaganda. Huxley wrote in 1929 on the effects of mass education on society We have had universal education for about fifty years; the supply of [Isaac] Newtons, however, has not perceptibly increased. Everybody, it is true, can now read – with the result that newspapers of an unbelievable stupidity and baseness have circulations of millions. Everybody can read – so it pays rich men to print lies wholesale. Everybody can read so men make fortunes by inventing specious reasons why people should buy things they don’t really want (â€Å"The New Salvation† 212-213). Huxley’s view on mass education is that it does not better society. No more geniuses are to be found in a wholly educated society as in a partially educated one. The effect in his mind is that capitalists have more means through which they can influence people into desiring and buying the goods they produce. His obvious prejudices and elitism aside, the note about separate newspapers that target certain intellectual class levels of society is reflected in the various periodicals aimed at the classes of the World State like The Delta Mirror or The Gamma Gazette. The process is taken one step further in Brave New World by having the education system emphasize the value of consumption of goods, rather than that consumption value being pushed by the writers of the newspapers as Huxley wrote about in 1929. Consumerism is more standardized. Education is not the only means of control of the masses employed to maintain production, the population itself is in the management of the state. The populous is bred systematically in a process much like that of a Fordian assembly line: using bottles and genetic manipulation instead of the natural process of human reproduction. With the bottling, the creation of the sterile â€Å"free-martins† and the rigid implementation of contraceptives like the â€Å"Malthusian belts,† the population of the world is entirely in control of the industrialized state. This culture also employs scientific methods such as â€Å"Bokanovsky’s Process† and Pavlovian conditioning to carefully craft a society of rigid castes. The function of education is to teach the members of those castes their respective roles and the roles of others and the necessity of these roles in the greater context. This process of industrialized reproduction makes raising and educating citizens much easier for the World State since they can begin that conditioning during the embryonic stage of production. Additionally, the levels of society, the castes alpha through gamma, can be predetermined and separated strictly. Education is begun at the fetal level, thanks to hypnopaedia, saving time. Since reproduction is standardized and contained wholly within a factory, the leaders of the mechanized society do not have to wait until a semblance of character starts to show in people to condition them towards a certain way of life; the genetics do that for them. This process reflects Huxley’s views of the potential of science from his 1930 predictive essay â€Å"Babies – State Property.† He writes Psychologists having shown the enormous importance in every human existence of the first years of childhood, the state will obviously try to get hold of its victims as soon as possible. The process of standardization will begin at the very moment of birth – that is to say, if it does not begin before birth! (231). He goes on to predict that this process of standardization at or before birth will be destructive to the family. But, unlike in his novel, he predicts that the family â€Å"will emerge again when the danger is past† (231). This careful selection of genetic material is the idea of eugenics, a term that is hard to separate from the fascists of the 1930s and 1940s, especially the National Socialists in Germany. Prior to that period though, Huxley often expounded on the ideas of eugenics. In a 1927 essay called â€Å"A Note on Eugenics† Huxley expresses a common fear of the time period that scientific and technological processes were preserving â€Å"physically and mentally defective individuals† and that the quality of human reproduction was diminishing (â€Å"A Note on Eugenics† 281) In her essay â€Å"Designing a Brave New World: Eugenics, Politics and Fiction,† Joanne Woiak addresses this subject by writing â€Å"[Huxley’s] ongoing support for so-called race betterment was typical of left-leaning British intellectuals in the inter-war period† (Woiak 106). Huxley’s own feelings on the subject seem mixed. Also in 1927, Huxley wrote an essay dealing with the subject of equality and democracy We no longer believe in equality and perfectibility. We know that nurture cannot alter nature and that no amount of education or good government will make men completely virtuous and reasonable, or abolish their animal instincts. In the Future that we envisage, eugenics will be practiced in order to improve the human breed and the instincts will not be ruthlessly repressed but, as far as possible, sublimated so as to express themselves in socially harmless ways (â€Å"The Future of the Past† 93). He continues to predict that education will not be the same for everyone and that this education system will teach â€Å"the members of the lower castes only that which is profitable for the members of the upper castes that they should know† (93). Huxley is arguing that the nineteenth-century ideals of democracy and universal equality are not a reality and predicts a future of selective reproduction and a defined caste system based on genetic stock. Brave New World certainly reflects this prediction; eugenics policies have been implemented but there are certainly instinctual processes, like violent passions, that have to be expressed in â€Å"socially harmless ways† – the Violent Passion Surrogates. But that sort of hope-filled view of the possible benefits of eugenics is not wholly what is at work in Huxley’s Brave New World. In that 1927 prediction, the intellectuals control the selective processes for determining the caste system. However, in 1932, the year of Brave New World’s publication, Huxley returns to the issue of eugenics by writing that â€Å"The humanist would see in eugenics an instrument for giving to an ever-widening circle of men and women those heritable qualities of mind and body which are, by his highest standards, the most desirable† (â€Å"Science and Civilization† 153). This is in line with his earlier views on the possible benefits of eugenics. But Huxley acknowledges that it might not be the humanist that is in charge of the process. But what of the economist-ruler? Would he necessarily be anxious to improve the race? By no means necessarily. He might actually wish to deteriorate it. His ideal, we must remember, is not the perfect all-around human being, but the perfect mass-producer and mass-consumer. Now perfect human beings probably make very bad mass-producers. It is quite in the cards that industrialists will find, as machinery is made more foolproof, that the great majority of jobs can be better performed by stupid people than by intelligent ones (154). This is the society of Brave New World. As Mustafa Mond puts it, â€Å"The optimum population†¦ is modelled [sic] on the iceberg – eight-ninths below the water line, one-ninth above† (BNW 223). The population, as mentioned earlier, is conditioned to consume and to produce, and the eugenics policy helps create the society can perform the necessary tasks. Taken that way, the novel seems to be a satire and condemnation not of eugenics, but of eugenics run by the industrialist to create masses of dumber humans to buy and consume stuff. This then returns the mind to Huxley’s 1927 prediction of eugenics and those instincts that have to be expressed in â€Å"socially harmless ways† (â€Å"The Future of the Past† 93). Realizing the necessity for emotion, they employ â€Å"Violent Passion Surrogates† to â€Å"flood the whole system with adrenin† in order to satisfy what Mustapha Mond calls â€Å"one of the conditions of perfect health† (Brave New World 239). In short they are simulating the dangers of life in a safe and systematic way. Freedom of sex covers the sexual instincts and has the benefit also of providing pleasure during free-time. One of the greatest forces of keeping the workers producing is through the drug soma. â€Å"The perfect drug†¦ Euphoric, narcotic, pleasantly hallucinant†¦ All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of the defects† (BNW 53-54). Soma is the release and the reward for the obedient mechanized worker of the world state. Combined with the â€Å"feelies† and all the other aspects of mass culture in the World State, soma helps keep the society in order by keeping the workers pleased. â€Å"Industrial civilization,† as Mustafa Mond puts it, â€Å"is only possible when there’s no self-denial. Self indulgence up to the very limits of imposed hygiene and economics. Otherwise the wheels stop turning. † (BNW 237). As with eugenics, Huxley’s writings on drug use varied, especially following the Second World War with his explorations into psychedelic drugs in The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. But even around the time of Brave New World’s publication he often was writing on drug use. In 1931 he addressed the issue of drug as an escape in a brief essay titled â€Å"Treatise on Drugs† Everywhere and at all times, men and women have sought, and duly found, the means of taking a holiday from the reality of their dull and often acutely unpleasant existence. A holiday out of space, out of time, in the eternity of sleep or ecstasy (â€Å"A Treatise on Drugs† 304). For Huxley, drug use seems inevitable. This holiday is certainly mirrored in Brave New World. â€Å"The cause of drunkenness and drug-taking is to be found in the general dissatisfaction with reality,† he writes in a 1932 essay titled â€Å"Poppy Juice,† an essay talking about the effects of drug policing. But Huxley continues by including the sort of people that might not be dissatisfied with life and the possibility of drug use among them. Alcohol and drugs offer means of escape from the prison of the world and the personality. Better and securer conditions of life, better health, better upbringing, resulting in more harmoniously balanced character, would do much to make reality seem generally tolerable and even delightful. But it may be doubted whether, even in Utopia, reality would be universally satisfying all the time. Even in Utopia people would pine for an occasional escape, if only from the radiant monotony of happiness (â€Å"Poppy juice† 317). This idea of people using drugs to escape monotonous Utopia seems one of the probable reasons for soma’s pervasiveness in the World State. The hypnopaedic chorus â€Å"A gramme is better than a damn† reflects those moments when reality might not wholly satisfy; rather than cursing the situation, just take soma to escape on holiday. But escapism is not the only use of soma. Or rather, the effect of escapism soma has is not just beneficial for the individual. John Hickman, in his essay â€Å"When Science Fiction Writers Used Fictional Drugs: Rise and Fall of the Twentieth-Century Drug Dystopia,† writes that â€Å"[The] use of the recreational drug soma is one of several aspects of dehumanization made possible by the scientific expertise wielded by amoral elites† (Hickman 144). Whether or not the industrialists of Brave New World are â€Å"amoral† is beyond the scope of this essay. Nonetheless, Hickman’s point about the dehumanizing effects of soma remains true. The drug is used by the World State to keep the masses in check. One of the hypnopaedic lessons Lenina recites is â€Å"Was and will make me ill†¦ I take a gramme and only am† (BNW 104). The sentiment here is that thinking of past occurrences or having ambitions or fear does not help, and that soma can help keep you in the present. There is no need for rebellion or trying to better one’s position if soma can take the individual out of the negative moments. The lack of downside and the steady stream of governmental supply of soma ensure that the citizens are kept in a pleasure-filled world so that they might continue to produce and consume more. Hickman concludes, based on those later novels by Huxley and on the comparison with the mescal used in Pueblo society, that Huxley is not against drug use â€Å"as a more direct route to spiritual development, but was instead opposed to recreational drug taking that would render a population docile† (Hickman 145). In the 1931 â€Å"Treatise on Drugs†, Huxley was dreaming of a super soma-like drug when writing about the history of drugs and how all of the drugs present in the world are â€Å"treacherous and harmful†: The way to prevent people from drinking too much alcohol, or to becoming addicts to morphia or cocaine, is to give them an efficient but wholesome substitute for these delicious and (in the present imperfect world) necessary poisons†¦ The man who invents such a substance will be counted among the greatest benefactors of suffering humanity (â€Å"Treatise on Drugs† 304-305). Huxley’s perfect drug was achieved in the fictional soma. But as was the case with eugenics policies, this too fell into the hands of the industrialists who used it to benefit the mechanized society by keeping the mass culture satiated with pleasure and escapist trappings. The drug, as Hickman points out, is used to keep the masses producing and consuming, just as all other aspects of the culture had those goals in mind. Brave New World is a vision of a future that is based on Huxley’s reactions and interpretations of the 1920s. His strong favoring of an intellectual culture over a mass-produced comfort driven culture is abundantly made clear in the novel. In a different 1931 essay titled â€Å"To The Puritan,† Huxley pushes the idea that Fordism as a philosophy could prove destructive to humanity if pursued fully. There is no place in the factory, or in that larger factory which is the modern industrialized world, for animals on the one hand, or for artists, mystics, or even, finally, individuals on the other. Of all the ascetic religions Fordism is that which demands the cruellest [sic] mutilations of the human psyche – demands the cruellest [sic] mutilations and offers the smallest spiritual returns. Rigorously practiced for a few generations, this dreadful religion of the machine will end by destroying the human race (â€Å"To the Puritan† 238-239). How to cite More Machine Now Than Man, Papers

Senior Project Essays - Safety, Alarms, Prevention, Security Alarm

Senior Project Group Home Members Fredrick Harlan Joshua Snyder Lance Nguyen Proposed Senior Project: 1. The Purpose of this project is to have a home computer that will monitor a Home Security System that will be used to monitor any home. The roles of the home PC will be to serve as a remote security call center. It will use the dial out option via modem and contact the home owner via cell phone in case of an emergency. Then, it'll dial the police (911) and have a verbal voice message that will state the type of emergency such as: Fire or Break - in or intruder in the house. It will also give the police all the owners emergency information. Week 9 Report I located our interface signal source the O-scope. This will be how we differeniate the different alarm modes. Problems we have encountered I was looking at the wrong source for a constant ( the modem connection) but the best source was the sirens output signal. Plans for next week 1. We'll integrate the whole project together for continued testing Science Essays